Stallion Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

At what age should the testes be present in the scrotum?

A

2 weeks post-partum

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2
Q

At what age does a stallion reach puberty?

A

12-24 months

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3
Q

At what age is a stallion’s maximum reproductive capacity reached?

A

4 years

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4
Q

At what age may a stallion’s fertility decline?

A

20 years

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5
Q

What is it about equine testes that makes them prone to torsion?

A

Their horizontal orientation

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6
Q

How can ejaculation be recognised in the stallion?

A

Cessation of thrusting, ‘flagging’ of the tail, palpation of urethral pulses in the ventral surface of the penis.

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7
Q

What is the total duration of production of spermatozoa in the stallion?

A

49-55 days

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8
Q

If semen quality is inaccurate, how long should you wait to retest for recovery in semen quality?

A

At least 60 days (takes 49-55 days to produce sperm)

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9
Q

What is considered normal scrotal width in a stallion?

A

>80mm

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10
Q

What is considered the normal progressive motility of stallion sperm?

A

>60%

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11
Q

How would you measure a stallion’s basal hormonal concentrations?

A

Collect a blood sample every 30min for 6hrs

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12
Q

What hormonal indications would you see in progressive testicular disease?

A

High FSH, low oestrogen and inhibin, progressive decline in testoosterone concentration with a rise in LH

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13
Q

What sperm abnormality is present in this semen sample?

A

Detached heads

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14
Q

What sperm abnormality is present in this semen sample?

A

Rolled heads

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15
Q

What is abnormal about this sperm?

A

Coiled midpiece - aka ‘dag defect’

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16
Q

What defect is present in these sperm?

A

Proximal cytoplasmic droplet

17
Q

What defect is present in this sperm?

A

Distal cytoplasmic droplet

18
Q

What defect is present in these sperm?

A

Coiled tails

19
Q

What defect is present in this sperm?

A

Distal midpiece reflex defect

20
Q

What can induce the distal midpiece reflex defect in normal sperm?

A

Prolonged contact with hypotonic solution

21
Q

What are your options for the diagnosis of cryptorchid stallions?

A

Basal and post stimulation testosterone. Oestrone sulphate. Anti-Mullerian hormone (not commercially available in Aus).

22
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Inability to retract the penis back into the prepuce.

23
Q

What are the general principle of treatment for paraphimosis?

A
  1. Reduce swelling and inflammation and control pain
  2. Return penis and any prolapsed prepuce to prepuce (if possible) or support the penis
  3. Control infection
  4. Isolate from mares
24
Q

What is priapsim?

A

Persistent erection without sexual arousal

25
Q

How do you treat priapism? (persistent erection)

A

Induction of detumescence.

  • cholinergic blocker
  • sympathomimetic
26
Q

What is phimosis and how would you treat it?

A

Inability to protrude penis completely from prepuce.

Normal in foals.

Surgical enlargement of the prepucial orifice.

27
Q

How do you treat EHV3 (equine coital exanthema)?

A
  1. Sexual rest until lesions healed
  2. Strict hygeine
  3. +/- antibiotic ointment for secondary infection
28
Q

What is the most common testicular tumor found in stallions and how commonly do they metastasize?

A

Seminoma - rarely metastasize