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Equine Medicine > Mare Reproduction > Flashcards

Mare Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

In which part of the ovary will ovulation ALWAYS occur in the mare?

A

The ovulation fossa

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2
Q

What is the length of the mare’s oestrus cycle?

A

21-22 days

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3
Q

WHat is the timing of ovulation in the mare?

A

1-2 days before the end of oestrus. A small percentage of mares will ovulate after oestrus.

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4
Q

What cyclic seasonal changes do mares go through?

A

Vernal transition –> Breeding season –> Autumn transition –> Anoestrus

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5
Q

Ovulatory follicles in mares range in size from what to what?

A

35 - 70mm diameter

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6
Q

List behavioural characteristics displayed by a mare in estrus:

A
  • Raising tail
  • Squatting
  • Urinating
  • Everting clitoris (winking)
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7
Q

WHich hirmone would you test for to determine a mare is in diestrus?

A

Progesterone

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8
Q

What are two methods of artificial lighting to bring forward the onset of estrus?

A

Constant lighting: 14-16h a day - lights on until 10pm

Intermittent lighting: 1hr of light during the night (10h after onset of dark)

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9
Q

What is the aim of treatment with a dopamine antagonist such as domperidone in the lead up to estrus?

A

To increase prolactin secretion -> increased LH receptors on ovary

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10
Q

How many days post-ovulation is the corpus luteum responsive to PGF2-a

A
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11
Q

How can you improve fertility at foal heat?

A

Delay heat by administering altrenogest from day of foaling for 8 days, then give PGF2-a injection on day 9

OR

Skip foal heat then give PGF2-a 6 days post ovulation to ‘short cycle’ the mare

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12
Q

Recommend methods for inducing estrus in anoestrus mares:

A
  • artificial lighting
  • dopamine antagonists
  • GnRH
  • progestins
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13
Q

Recommend methods for synchronising estrus:

A
  • Terminate the luteal phase (PGF2-a)
  • Lengthen the luteal phase (progesterone)
  • Induce ovulation (hcg / deslorelin)
  • Inhibit follicular development
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14
Q

Recommend methods for inducing ovulation:

A

*must mimic the LH surge in presence of mature enough follicle (>35mm)

  • hCG
  • Deslorelin
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15
Q

Recommend methods for suppressing estrus:

A
  • Hormonal (progestins - work within 1 day)
  • Surgical (ovariectomy - permanent)
  • Immunological (GnRH vacc - lasts for 1yr, not recommended if breeding in future)
  • Abortion after formation of endometrial cups
  • Galss marbles in uterus???
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16
Q

What are the advantages of using AI in mares?

A
  • access to a wider rage of stallions
  • disease control / reduced contamination
  • safety
  • prevents overuse of stallion
  • more regular semen evaluation
17
Q

What is a major disadvantage of AI in horse?

A

Thoroughbreds cannot be bred by AI

18
Q

What components are included in semen extendors?

A
  • buffers
  • energy
  • proteins
  • antibiotics
19
Q

What is the goal time period for insemination with frozen semen?

A

12h before to 6h post ovulation

20
Q

Approximately how long after a hCG / deslorelin injection does ovulation occur?

A

~36h

21
Q

What advantages does embryo transfer offer?

A
  • Enables breeding at earlier age
  • Production of offspring from endangered species
  • Pregnancies from mares still in competition
  • Potentially >1 foal per mare each year
  • Removes risks of foaling in valuable mares
22
Q

When does the reciepient mare need to ovulate for embryo transfer?

A

Needs to have ovulated 1 day prior or up to 3 days after the donor mare

23
Q

List some ultrasonographic signs of early embryonic loss:

A
  • irregular shape of embryonic vesicle
  • prolonged mobility of vessel (>day 16)
  • excessive endometrial oedema
  • fluid within uterine lumen
  • undersized embryo for age
  • no heartbeat by day 30 / loss of heartbeat
24
Q

Is hydrops amnion or hydrops allantois more common in mares?

A

Hydrops allantois

25
Q

How would you treat hydrops of foetal fluid in a mare?

A

Induction of abortion - foetus usually non-viable.

Pre-treat mare with fluid and gradual siphoning of fluid to avoid shock.

26
Q

If a mare has had hydrops, is it likely to reoccur?

A

Nope

27
Q

What are some complicating sequelae of hydrops?

A
  • rupture of the prepubic tendon / abdominal musculature
  • uterine rupture
  • inguinal herniation
  • abortion
  • hypovolaemic shock
28
Q

How would you treat ventral abdominal rupture if the goal is to save the mare vs foal?

A

To save mare: induce parturition

To save foal: apply support wraps and nurse mare until parturition can be induced

29
Q

What is the minimum concentration of progesterone required to maintain pregnancy?

A

4.0ng/mL

30
Q

What should you tell clients about twin pregnancies?

A

<15% of twin pregnancies will result in the birth of live twin foals that are likely to survive

31
Q

When an aborted foetus is smaller than expected for gestation length what does this suggest?

A

A chronic placental disease (mycotic placentitis) causing intra-uterine growth retardation

32
Q

What is the most common cause of sporadic abortion in mares?

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

33
Q

A mare starts lactating 2 weeks before she is due to foal and upon rectal palpation her uterus feels thickened. What condition do you suspect?

A

Placentitis / late pregnancy failure

34
Q

Does TMS cross the placenta?

A

Yes!

35
Q

After how long is the placenta considered retained?

A

If itis not expelled within 3hrs of birth

36
Q

How can you treat retained foetal membranes?

A

dilute oxytocin into 1-2L of saline and infuse IV over 30-60min

NSAIDs and systemic antibiotics (TMS) should be given to every mare with retained membranes +/- tetanus prophylaxis

37
Q

What defines persistent mating induced endometritis?

A

retention of >2 cm depth of fluid in the uterus >18 h after breeding

Equine Medicine (14 decks)

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