Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Equine Medicine > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Abduction of the elbows is a sign of what? (in relation to respiratory disease)

A

Pleural pain (pleurodynia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What should the respiratory rate of an adult horse in a cool environment be?

A

8-12 breaths per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List which structures should be examined in a physical examination for respiratory disease:

A
  1. Nares
  2. Oral mucous membranes
  3. Lymph nodes (submandibular and retropharyngeal)
  4. Paranasal sinuses
  5. Palpate the larynx
  6. Auscultate the trachea
  7. Evaluate the abdominal musculature
  8. Auscultate the entire thorax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Are respiratory sounds typically louder on inspiration or expiration?

A

Inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which is the only acceptable anticoagulant for blood gas samples?

A

Heparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which blood-gas measurement is the most accurate evaluation of ventilation and within what reference ranges should it be?

A

PaCO2 (35-45mmHg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

At what PaO2 values is hypoxaemia defined?

A

Relative - PaO2 <80mmHg

Absolute - PaO2 <60mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does a comet tail artefact on lung ultrasound indicate?

A

Plueral roughening / pulmonary inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does foaming of pleural fluid indicate?

A

Elevated protein content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Can tracheal or broncheoalveolar lavage samples be sent off for bacterial culture?

A

Only tracheal wash fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do glucose and lactate measurements in pleural fluid provide evidence of bacterial infection?

A
  • Glucose in fluid <50% of systemic glucose (evidence of bacterial utilsation)
  • Bacteria metabolise glucose to lactate - elevated lactate in fluid compared to systemically evidence of sepsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What condition is shown in this image and in what breed does the highest incidence occur?

A

Wry Nose (Campylorrhinus lateralis)

Highest incidence in Arabians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most common cause of mycotic rhinitis?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is primary sinusitis most commonly associated with?

A

Previous respiratory tract infection, accumulation of mucous and obstruction of drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are causes of secondary sinustus?

A
  • Dental disease
  • facial fractures
  • granulomatous lesions
  • cysts
  • neoplasia
  • ethmoid haematomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can be seen in this endoscopic image?

A

Discharge from nasomaxillary aperture

17
Q

What are the principles of treatment of sinusitis?

A
  • Treat underlying disease if present
  • Antibiotics
  • Management
    • feed on ground
    • pasture turnout - low dust environment
  • Trephination & sinus lavage
    • ensure good drainage
  • Topical instillation of antifungal agents
  • Surgery through sinus flap / osteotomy
18
Q

What is a progressive ethmoid haematoma, are they common and how are they best treated?

A
  • Idiopathic
  • Slowly expanding, non-neoplastic mass that originated from the submucosa of the ethmoid turbinates
  • COMMON
  • Treat with endoscopic intralesional formalin
    • 5-10ml 10% formalin injected at 2-4wk intervals for 2-5 treatments
19
Q

This endoscopic image is from a 10yr old mare with mild, intermittent unilateral epistaxis and ocassionally abnormal respiratory noise at exercise. What is your top DDx?

A

Ethmoid haematoma

20
Q

What is your diagnosis for this image and how should it be treated?

A

Severe pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia

Treatment: Rest (reduce training) and topical anti-inflammatory throat spray

21
Q

When during exercise is intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate likely to occur?

When during respiration will you hear abnormal sounds?

How can you diagnose?

A

At the end of strenuous exercise.

Abnormal respiratory noise on exhalation.

Diagnose: endoscopy at rest and treadmill.

22
Q

What are your options for treating dorsal displacement of the soft palate?

A

Conservative

  • Rest and anti-inflammatory treatment
  • Tongue tie
  • Cornell collar
  • Treat concurrent disease

Surgical

  • Laryngeal tie forwards
23
Q

How should you treat guttural puch empyema?

A
  • indwelling gutteral pouch catheter
  • gutteral pouch lavage for 5-7 days
  • feed horse from ground to encourage drainage
  • systemic antibiotic therapy
  • chondroids: manual crushing
  • biosecurity if Strep equi ss equi
24
Q

What is the most important thing to rememvber when examining a horse with suspected guttural pouch mycosis?

A

DO NOT DISLODGE CLOTS OR PLAQUES - could result in fatal haemorrage due to arterial erosion

25
Q

What is the most common surgery for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?

A

Prosthetic laryngoplasty (‘tie-back’)

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of recurrent airway obstruction?

A
  • Coughing
  • Exercise intolerance
  • Tachypnea to respiratory distress
    • nostril flaring at rest
  • Expiratory dyspnoea
    • abdominal expiratory effort at rest
27
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of recurrent airway obstruction?

A
  • exaggerated airway inflammatory response
  • accumulation of mucous and neutrophils in airway lumen and bronchospasms
  • airway obstruction
  • acute oedema
  • chronic airway wall remodelling
28
Q

What is the single most important predisposing factor for equine pneumonia?

A

Transport

  • unable to lower head
  • increased contamination of lower airways
  • decreased mucocillary clearance
29
Q

What are the principles of treatment for bacterial pneumonia?

A
  1. Antimicrobial therapy
  2. Nebulisation
  3. Pleural drainage (+/- lavage)
  4. NSAIDs
  5. Prevent / treat secondary complications
30
Q

What are the main complications of bacterial pneumonia / pleuropnemonia?

A
  1. Thoracic abscessation
  2. Pulmonary thromboemboli
  3. Laminitis (#1 cause of mortality)
31
Q

List the important features of Streptococcus equi ss equi:

A
  • Gram +ve cocci in pairs or chains
  • Facultative anaerobe
  • Opportunistic pathogen - not part of the normal flora
32
Q

What are the 4 forms of Streptococcus equi ss equi presentation?

A
  1. Classic upper respiratory tract disease (strangles)
  2. Purpura haemorrhagica
  3. Disseminated abscessation (bastard strangles)
  4. Immune mediated myopathy
33
Q

What is the incubation period for Strep. equi and when does nasal shedding begin?

In how many animals does infection persist?

A
  • Incubation period 1-14 days
  • Nasal shedding begins 2-3 days after onset of fever and persists for 2-3wks
  • Infection persists in 10% of clinically resolved animals
34
Q

Which antibiotic is considered the ‘drug of choice’ for Strep equi?

A

Penicillin

35
Q
A

Equine Medicine (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions