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Russia 1855-1964 > Stalin > Flashcards

Stalin Flashcards

0
Q

During Stalins rule churches…

A

Suffered less persecution and enjoyed something of a revival

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1
Q

Stalin ruled from…

A

1927-53

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2
Q

When were night schools set up?

A

1933

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3
Q

When was the short course introduced?

A

1938

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4
Q

What was the short courses full name?

A

The history of the all union communist party

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5
Q

Features of the short course?

A

Old Bolsheviks (eg Bukharin) were relegated to minor roles or designated enemies of the people, Stalin was given a more important role in 1917 and presented as lenins chief companion

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6
Q

Who was Pavlik Morozov?

A

13 year old young pioneer who denounced his father as a kulak in 1932, became a martyr

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7
Q

Beginning of soviet realism?

A

1932

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8
Q

Who led soviet realism?

A

Zhdanov

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9
Q

Union of soviet writers set up in…

A

1932

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10
Q

Example of literature under soviet realism?

A

How the steel was tempered by ostrovsky

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11
Q

When was the cult of the personality?

A

1920s-40s

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12
Q

When did the full blown cult of the personality start?

A

1933-4

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13
Q

Benefits of the cult of the personality?

A

Held soviet society together after the political and economic circumstances of the mid-1930s

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14
Q

By the end of the 1930s Stalin was seen as…

A

More detached, superior and god-like and as the equal, or even master, of Lenin - the red tsar

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15
Q

What was the homosovieticus?

A

The ‘new man’ embodying communist ideals

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16
Q

What were red corners?

A

Cultural training grounds in every barrack - read, listened to lectures, watched films, discussed political issues

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17
Q

How much of the living space in Magnitogorsk was made up of privately owned huts?

A

17.5%

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18
Q

How many workers in Magnitogorsk owned library cards?

A

10,000

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19
Q

How many books had been sold in Magnitogorsk by 1936?

A

40,000

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20
Q

Subjects taught under Stalin?

A

Technical subjects along with the spirit of socialism and compulsory Marxism-Leninism courses

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21
Q

Public holidays under Stalin?

A

Anniversary of the October revolution and a May Day parade

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22
Q

How many women entered the workforce under Stalin?

A

10 million

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23
Q

In 1935 women workers in Leningrad made up how much of the workforce?

A

44%

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24
Q

What fraction of women factory workers were there in Leningrad in 1935?

A

20/328

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25
Q

How many head doctors were women in Leningrad in 1935?

A

4

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26
Q

What % of doctors in Leningrad were women in 1935?

A

50-60%

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27
Q

When was the chistka?

A

1932

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28
Q

What was the chistka?

A

Purge of the party by withdrawal of party cards

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29
Q

What was the soviet constitution?

A

Claimed that russia was a model of democracy and social harmony

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30
Q

When was the soviet constitution published?

A

1936

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31
Q

When was collectivisation?

A

1927-34

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32
Q

What did collectivisation aim to do?

A

Increase grain yield to export it to finance industrialisation, replacing peasant society with communism

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33
Q

The collective was a 20th century version of…

A

Serfdom - a retrograde step which alienated the peasants

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34
Q

What % of livestock was slaughtered by peasants?

A

50%

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35
Q

Phase one of collectivisation was between…

A

1927-29

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36
Q

What % of peasant households did the first FYP aim to collectivise?

A

15%

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37
Q

What was the urals Siberian method?

A

Encouraged poor and low income peasants to denounce kulaks so they could be arrested and have their grain seized

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38
Q

What % of peasants were on collective or state farms by mid-1929?

A

Less than 5%

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39
Q

Less than 5% of peasants were on state or collective farms by…

A

Mid-1929

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40
Q

Phase two of collectivisation was between…

A

1929-31

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41
Q

What % of the ussr had been collectivised by 1930?

A

50%

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42
Q

50% of the ussr had been collectivised by…

A

February 1930

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43
Q

Who were the 25000ers?

A

Urban party activists, backed by the OGPU and the military, who helped revolutionise the countryside during collectivisation

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44
Q

What did the 25,000ers do?

A

Persuaded middle and poor peasants to sign a register demanding collectivisation, took land/animals/tools/buildings from the kulaks to use as a basis for new collective farms, carried out dekulakisation

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45
Q

Decree allowing local party organisations to use ‘necessary measures’ against kulaks?

A

1930

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46
Q

1930 decree against kulaks?

A

Allowed local party organisations to use ‘necessary measures’ against kulaks (deportation, labour camps etc)

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47
Q

How many had been deported to Siberia or labour camps by the end of collectivisation?

A

10 million

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48
Q

Propaganda campaigns during collectivisation…

A

Extolled the advantages of collective farms and inflamed class hatred to persuade peasants to inform on each other

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49
Q

Phase three of collectivisation was between…

A

1931-34

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50
Q

How many tonnes of grain had been collectivised by the end of 1931?

A

22.8 million tons

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51
Q

22.8 million tons of grain had been collectivised by…

A

The end of 1931

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52
Q

Why was there a drop in grain production in phase 3 of collectivisation?

A

Upheaval, activists lack of knowledge and skill, lack of animals, lack of tractors etc.

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53
Q

Drought over large areas of the ussr?

A

1931

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54
Q

Famines under Stalin?

A

1932 famine, followed by a brief respite until the 1932-4 famine

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55
Q

How many tons of grain were exports to other countries in 1932?

A

173 million tons

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56
Q

173 million tons of grain were exported to other countries in…

A

1932

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57
Q

When was the law of the seventh eights?

A

1932

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58
Q

What was the law of the seventh eights?

A

10 year sentence for stealing socialised property (eg corn) which later changed to the death sentence

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59
Q

What stopped peasants from escaping famine hit areas under Stalin?

A

Peasant passports

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60
Q

What was the great turn?

A

Stalin abandoned the NEP in favour it the FYPs in 1928

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61
Q

Workers under the FYPs were pressured because of…

A

Unrealistic targets, increased labour norms, unbalanced books, bad wages, labour shortages, shortage of raw materials, competition from military spending, fall in foreign trade etc.

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62
Q

By 1936 the number of new workers coming into industry had…

A

Declined by 2/3

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63
Q

Works norms - ‘Russia must…

A

Advance 100 years in 10’

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64
Q

Stalin replaced bourgeois specialists with..

A

Red specialists

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65
Q

When were night schools and libraries set up?

A

1933

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66
Q

Example of wage differentials?

A

In 1933 in Magnitogorsk an unskilled workers got 100 roubles while a skilled one got 300

67
Q

Increase in electric power 1913-40?

A

25x increase

68
Q

25x increase in electric output between…

A

1913-40

69
Q

Increase in pig iron under FYPs?

A

Tripled

70
Q

Increase in coal production under FYPs?

A

5x

71
Q

During the FYPs vodka production sunk by…

A

2/3

72
Q

First FYP was between…

A

1928-1932

73
Q

Second FYP was between…

A

1933-37

74
Q

Third FYP was between…

A

1938-41

75
Q

Years of the FYPs?

A

1st: 1928-32
2nd: 1933-37
3rd: 1938-41

76
Q

The first FYP put an emphasis on…

A

Heavy industries, eg coal, iron, oil, steel, electricity

77
Q

Heavy industries accounted for what % of investment in the first FYP?

A

80%

78
Q

How many enterprises opened in the first FYP?

A

1500

79
Q

How did the first FYP meet the needs of mechanised agriculture?

A

Huge new tractor works in Stalingrad, Kharkov and other places

80
Q

Increase in electricity production under the first FYP?

A

Trebled

81
Q

Increase in coal and iron output under the first FYP?

A

Doubled

82
Q

Increase in steel production under the first FYP?

A

1/3

83
Q

What happened to consumer industries under the FYP?

A

Very little growth and even decline

84
Q

Example of a target not fulfilled under the first FYP?

A

Chemical targets

85
Q

Impact of collectivisation on the first FYP?

A

A good deal of money had to go into collectivisation, which meant not as much could be invested in the FYPs

86
Q

What did the second FYP put greater emphasis on?

A

Communications, especially railways to link cities and industrial centres

87
Q

How many enterprises opened under the second FYP?

A

4,500

88
Q

Magnitogorsk output in 1936?

A

15,000 iron ore, 4,000 pig iron, 2,500 steel

89
Q

The ussr was virtually self sufficient in machine making and metal working by…

A

1937

90
Q

What industries grew under the second FYP?

A

Electricity, transport and communications, chemical, metallurgy

91
Q

When were the three good years?

A

1934-6

92
Q

What were the three good years?

A

Pressure wasn’t so intense, food rationing ended, more disposable income

93
Q

What didn’t progress as much in the second FYP?

A

Oil production and consumer goods

94
Q

Why was the third FYP cut sort?

A

WW2

95
Q

What was there an unplanned spending increase on in 1936?

A

The armed forces

96
Q

What was emphasised in the third FYP?

A

Heavy industry as the need for armaments became increasingly urgent

97
Q

Armed forces spending in 1931, 36 and 40?

A

1931: 3.4%
1936: 16.1%
1940: 32.5%

98
Q

32.5% spending on the armed forces in…

A

1940

99
Q

What impact did the purges have on the third FYP?

A

Created a shortage of qualified personnel to link industries and government

100
Q

What industries didn’t succeed in the third FYP?

A

Oil, steel, consumer industries, raw materials

101
Q

What was the quicksand society?

A

The FYPs created a transient society where individuals could sell their labour for higher pay and move around, so Stalin had no control over them

102
Q

What % of workers were peasants after the first FYP?

A

50%

103
Q

In 1930 the average worker in the coal industry moved about how many times a year?

A

3

104
Q

How many arrived and left Magnitogorsk 1930-33?

A

265,000 arrived and 293,000 left

105
Q

How many workers arrived and left Magnitogorsk in 1933?

A

53,000 arrived with the same number leaving

106
Q

Beginning of Stakhanovite movement?

A

Stakhanovs record breaking pneumatic pick shift in 1935

107
Q

How was stakhanov rewarded?

A

200 roubles instead of the usual 30, a bonus equal to a months wages and a new apartment

108
Q

In November 1935 Stalin called for stakhanovism to…

A

Spread ‘widely and deeply’ across the entire Soviet Union

109
Q

Consequence of stakhanovism on managers?

A

Now had quotas from above and demand from Stakhanovites below

110
Q

When was the holodomor?

A

1932-4

111
Q

How many killed in the holodomor?

A

7.5 million

112
Q

How was the holodomor a man made famine?

A

Rejection of outside aid, confiscation of all household foodstuffs, restriction of population movement

113
Q

When was the doctors plot?

A

1952-3

114
Q

What was the doctors plot?

A

Stalin accused 9 doctors, 6 of them Jews, of plotting to poison and kill him and other soviet leaders - had intended to organise pogroms all over the country resulting in the Jews begging to be sent to Siberia

115
Q

How many cases were condemned by the OGPU troikas in 1937?

A

688,000 cases

116
Q

688,000 cases were confirmed by the OGPU troikas in…

A

1937

117
Q

What did the December decree do?

A

Legalise the murder of anti soviet elements

118
Q

When was the December decree?

A

1934

119
Q

When was the great purge?

A

1934-39

120
Q

When was Kirov assassinated?

A

1934

121
Q

Reaction to kirovs assassination?

A

Nikolaev executed along with 13 alleged accomplices and 103 others who had no apparent connection

122
Q

How many delegates to the party congress of 1934 were arrested during the purge?

A

1108/1966

123
Q

How many members of the central committee were arrested during the purge?

A

98/139

124
Q

When was the yezhovshchina?

A

1937-8

125
Q

What was the yezhovchina?

A

Most intense period of the purges and the peak of Stalinist terror

126
Q

How many people did the NKVD kill over 18 months in the yezhovshchina?

A

47,000 over 18 months

127
Q

What % of NKVD victims were men?

A

95%

128
Q

What % of the population were non Russian and what % of the victims did they make up?

A

18% of the population but 37% of the victims

129
Q

Number of ethnic poles halved between…

A

1926-37

130
Q

Between 1926-37 the number of ethnic poles…

A

Halved

131
Q

Amount of ethnic poles arrested and % shot?

A

Virtually all were arrested and 75% of these shot

132
Q

What % of the victims of the yezhovshchina were manual workers and peasants?

A

24-28%

133
Q

What % of the victims of the yezhovshchina were professional workers?

A

12%

134
Q

What did article 58 of the soviet criminal code cover?

A

Counter-revolution

135
Q

What article of the soviet criminal code covered counter revolution?

A

Article 58

136
Q

How many members of the NKVD perished in the yezhovshchina?

A

23,000

137
Q

What % of red army officers had been purged by 1938?

A

80%

138
Q

80% of red army officers had been purged by…

A

1938

139
Q

Example of denouncement in the yezhovshchina?

A

In Odessa one single communist denounced 230 people

140
Q

When was order 00447?

A

1937

141
Q

What was 00447 otherwise known as?

A

Document 194

142
Q

Original targets agreed by Stalin and ezhov in 00447?

A

200,000 arrests and 73,000 executions

143
Q

By how much was 00447 exceeded?

A

9x

144
Q

Who was ezhov?

A

Head of the NKVD 1936-7 and commisar for state security 1937-8

145
Q

When was the first show trial?

A

1936

146
Q

What happened at the first show trial?

A

Zinoviev and Kamenev accused of being in league with Trotsky, responsible for murder, stirring up discontent etc. and attempts were made to get them to implicate other party members - found guilty and shot

147
Q

When was the second show trial?

A

1937

148
Q

What happened at the second show trial?

A

Trial of pyatakov, radek and sokolnikov - former was shot while others sentenced to 10 years imprisonment

149
Q

When was the ryutin platform written?

A

1932

150
Q

What did the ryutin platform call for?

A

A ‘fresh start’ - end to forced collectivisation, slowing down of industrialisation, reinstatement of previously expelled party members

151
Q

When was the ryutin affair?

A

1934

152
Q

What happened during the ryutin affair?

A

Him and his supporters were arrested and expelled by the politburo, though Stalin had ordered their execution - triggered the chistka

153
Q

When was the great patriotic war?

A

1941-5

154
Q

Differences between Stalin and nick II in the war effort?

A

Stalin devolved responsibility

155
Q

When was operation Barbarossa?

A

1941

156
Q

What was operation Barbarossa?

A

Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union - within 3 weeks russia had lost 2 million men, 3,500 tanks and 6,000 aircraft

157
Q

Who was vassily Zaitsev?

A

Killed 225 German soldiers and officers - became a national hero and began the sniper movement which killed 3,000+ soldiers

158
Q

When was operation Uranus?

A

1942-3

159
Q

When was the battle of Kursk?

A

1943

160
Q

Russian counter-attack at Kursk…

A

Destroyed 40% of German tanks (2,900) in 3 days

161
Q

Casualties in WW2?

A

27 million

162
Q

What happened to returning soldiers and POWs after WW2?

A

Carefully screened and arrested, deported or repatriated - terror against the army

163
Q

How many men and women were sent to labour camps post-1945?

A

12 million

164
Q

Example of living standards under Stalin?

A

In Moscow, only 6% of households had more than one room

165
Q

What did Stalin to do women’s rights?

A

Restrictions on divorce and abortions

Russia 1855-1964 (15 decks)

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