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Russia 1855-1964 > Lenin > Flashcards

Lenin Flashcards

0
Q

Slogan of the April thesis:

A

Peace, bread, land and all power to the soviets

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1
Q

Lenin ruled from…

A

1917-24

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2
Q

Lenin put ‘the cause’ before…

A

Civil and legal rights

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3
Q

Abolition of titles and class distinctions in…

A

November 1917

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4
Q

Number of orphans under 13 in the 1920s?

A

7-9 million

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5
Q

Lenin banned opposition press in…

A

October 1917

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6
Q

A ‘decree on the press’ was issued…

A

Less than 48 hours into the revolution

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7
Q

Political propaganda was spread under Lenin by…

A

Films, plays and other media

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8
Q

Who was in charge of woman’s policy under Lenin?

A

Kollantai

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9
Q

Women were declared equal to men and able to own property in…

A

1917

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10
Q

Women allowed to file for divorce in…

A

December 1917

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11
Q

By the mid-20s the USSRs divorce rate was…

A

The highest in Europe, 25x higher than in Britain

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12
Q

How many marriages ended in divorce in 1927?

A

1/2

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13
Q

What % of divorces were initiated by men?

A

70%

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14
Q

What % of divorces were initiated by mutual consent?

A

7%

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15
Q

When did Russia legalise abortion on demand?

A

1920

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16
Q

% of women in industrial labour by 1929 compared to 1913?

A

Practically the same

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17
Q

What did a survey in the 1920s find out about working hours for proletarian women?

A

8 hour day outside the home plus an extra 5 in domestic tasks

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18
Q

What % of party membership did women form in 1917?

A

10%

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19
Q

What % of party membership did women form in 1928?

A

12.8%

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20
Q

Rise in woman party membership 1917-28?

A

10% to 12.8%

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21
Q

When was Zhenotdel set up?

A

1919

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22
Q

What was Zhenotdel?

A

The women’s department - focused on practical help such as social services, education and training, making sure laws on women in factories were enforced etc.

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23
Q

What was the women’s department called?

A

Zhenotdel

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24
Q

When was Zhenotdel abolished?

A

1930

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25
Q

When was the peoples commissar for social welfare set up?

A

1917

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26
Q

Who headed the peoples commisar for social welfare?

A

Kollantai

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27
Q

Peoples commisar for social welfare guaranteed paid maternity leave..

A

For 2 months before and after birth

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28
Q

Lenin gave each child how many years free universal education?

A

9

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29
Q

9 years free universal education introduced…

A

1919-20

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30
Q

Liquidation of illiteracy was in…

A

1919

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31
Q

Two main strands in Lenin’s curriculum were…

A

General education (eg communism and the history of revolution) and practical education (eg technical subjects and industrial training)

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32
Q

When were schools placed under the commissariat for enlightenment?

A

1919-20

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33
Q

What did the commissariat for enlightenment do?

A

Encouraged schools to follow a more liberal line

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34
Q

When were traditional methods of teaching restored and universal schooling abandoned?

A

1921

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35
Q

Numbers of schools and pupils in 1923 compared to 1921?

A

Numbers in 1923 barely half the totals of 1921

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36
Q

What did a school survey of children 11-15 find?

A

They’d become increasingly negative towards communist values as they got older and nearly 50% still believed in god

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37
Q

When was the survey of children 11-15?

A

1927

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38
Q

Union of the militant godless was established in…

A

1921

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39
Q

What was the union of the militant godless’s plan?

A

5 year plan to remove all forms of god and promote communism as the new religion

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40
Q

What happened to public and private holidays under Lenin?

A

Bolshevised, eg Komsomol Christmas, children were Octobered, Red Weddings etc.

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41
Q

How many bishops and priests executed in 1922?

A

28 bishops and 1215 priests

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42
Q

When was the decree on the separation of church and state?

A

January 1918

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43
Q

What did the decree on the separation of church and state entail?

A

Church couldn’t own property, buildings had to be rented, religious instruction in schools outlawed

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44
Q

Who was allowed in the Komsomol?

A

15-23 year olds

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45
Q

How many members did the Komsomol have in 1925?

A

A million (4% of 15-23 year olds)

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46
Q

Who made up the Young Pioneers?

A

5-14 year olds

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47
Q

The young pioneers was established in…

A

1922

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48
Q

The young pioneers created…

A

‘The children of 1917’

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49
Q

How many soviet children were enrolled in the young pioneers by 1925?

A

About 1/5 of soviet children aged 10-14

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50
Q

What % of the votes did the Bolsheviks get in 1918? And what % did the SRs get?

A

Bolsheviks got 24%, SRs got 38%

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51
Q

When was the kadet party outlawed?

A

1918

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52
Q

What happened to the kadet party in 1918?

A

It was outlawed and it’s leaders were arrested

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53
Q

When was the constituent assembly dissolved?

A

1918

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54
Q

What was the new constitution?

A

Gave powers to central over local authorities

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55
Q

How did the new constitution restrict voting rights?

A

On the basis of social origins and political attitudes (withheld from the lishentsy, or disenfranchised)

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56
Q

When was the new constitution?

A

January 1919

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57
Q

What was the politburo?

A

Centre of power, collegiate feeling

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58
Q

When was the ban on factions?

A

1921

59
Q

Lenin said that ‘electricity will…

A

Take the place of god’

60
Q

When did Lenin nationalise industry?

A

February 1918

61
Q

When did Lenin nationalise banks?

A

December 1917

62
Q

When did Lenin hand control of the factories over to the workers?

A

November 1917

63
Q

When did Lenin hand control of the railways over to the workers?

A

January 1918

64
Q

When was the socialisation of land?

A

February 1918

65
Q

When did the railway union threaten to strike under Lenin?

A

October 1917

66
Q

When was the decree on land?

A

1917

67
Q

What did the decree on land promise?

A

Peasants land ‘without payments’ - seized landed estates and the land of the crown and church

68
Q

When was the decree on workplace?

A

1917

69
Q

What did the decree on workplace do?

A

Regulated control in workplaces so it was next to impossible for capitalism to exist

70
Q

When was the NEP?

A

1921-28

71
Q

How did Bukharin describe the NEP?

A

“Economic concessions to avoid political concessions”

72
Q

What did the NEP do?

A

Abolish grain requisitioning, remove ban on private trade, reopen small businesses, state control of heavy industry

73
Q

Under the NEP by 1925-26 industry had…

A

Recovered to it’s pre-1913 levels

74
Q

Increase in cereal production under the NEP?

A

23%

75
Q

Increase in industry 1920-23?

A

200%

76
Q

How did peasants make money on the side during the NEP?

A

Nepmen

77
Q

NEP encouraged which foreign powers to make trade agreements?

A

Germany in 1922 and Britain in 1924

78
Q

What did workers call the NEP?

A

The new exploitation of the proletariat

79
Q

What happened to unemployment in the first two years of the NEP?

A

Rose steeply as state-controlled trusts had to cut their workforce to make profit

80
Q

What was the scissors crisis?

A

In 1923 there was so much food that prices began to drop and the shortage of industrial goods meant that their price began to rise

81
Q

How much of the retail trade did nepmen handle?

A

By 1923 they handled as much as 3/4

82
Q

How many private traders in Moscow in the first two years of the NEP?

A

25,000+

83
Q

What happened to working conditions in October 1917?

A

Max 8 hour day for workers, social insurance (for old age, unemployment, sickness, etc)

84
Q

When did Lenin introduce a max 8 hour day for workers and social insurance (for old age, unemployment, sickness, etc)?

A

October 1917

85
Q

What happened to the declaration of rights of the toiling and exploited masses?

A

Defeated in a vote in 1918

86
Q

When was the treaty of Brest litovsk signed?

A

March 1918

87
Q

How much of the population was lost under Brest-litovsk?

A

About 1/4

88
Q

How much of industry was lost under Brest-litovsk?

A

About 1/4

89
Q

How much of European russia was lost under Brest-litovsk?

A

About 1/3 (45 million people)

90
Q

What countries did russia give up under Brest-litovsk?

A

Poland, Georgia, Finland, the Ukraine, the Baltic States, etc.

91
Q

How much in reparations did russia have to pay under Brest-litovsk?

A

3 billion roubles

92
Q

When was the civil war?

A

1918-20

93
Q

What was war communism?

A

A policy that geared every part of the economy towards assisting the war effort and where workers and peasants were sacrificed in favour of the red army

94
Q

What did wheat battalions carry out?

A

Grain requisitioning

95
Q

Who carried out grain requisitioning?

A

Wheat battalions

96
Q

What happened to private property under war communism?

A

Banned

97
Q

What happened to industry under war communism?

A

Nationalised/brought under state control

98
Q

What happened to workers committees under war communism?

A

Replaced by single managers reporting to central authorities

99
Q

Labour discipline under war communism?

A

Fines for lateness and absenteeism, internal passports to stop people from fleeing the country, work books needed to get rations

100
Q

Rationing under war communism was…

A

Class based, with red army soldiers and labour forces being given priority before civil servants and professional people, and the smallest ratio being given to the middle class (bourgeois)

101
Q

During war communism the Cheka killed…

A

13,000 officially, in reality 30,000

102
Q

When was self-determination granted to all parts of the former Russian empire?

A

November 1917

103
Q

Lenin said that ‘a revolution without a firing squad is…

A

Meaningless’

104
Q

When was the march on the tauride palace?

A

1918

105
Q

How many marched on the tauride palace?

A

50,000 unarmed civil servants, students and others from the educated classes

106
Q

In 1918 Lenin demanded that revolutionary tribunals now be…

A

Mercilessly harsh in dealing with counter revolutionaries, hooligans, idlers and anarchists

107
Q

Lenin told communists to ‘hang…

A

No fewer than one hundreds kulaks, rich men, bloodsuckers’

108
Q

When was ‘100 rich kulaks’?

A

1917

109
Q

When was the supreme measure introduced?

A

June 1918

110
Q

When was the assassination attempt on Lenin?

A

August 1918

111
Q

When was the NKVD established?

A

1918

112
Q

What were concentration camps replaced by?

A

‘Forced labour’ camps

113
Q

When were forced labour camps introduced?

A

1922

114
Q

When were concentration camps introduced?

A

1918

115
Q

How many concentration camps at the end of 1921?

A

21

116
Q

How many concentration camps at the end of 1922?

A

107

117
Q

Rise in concentration camps 1921-2?

A

21 to 107

118
Q

Number of NKVD camps in September 1921?

A

117 camps with 60,000+ prisoners

119
Q

When was the Cheka set up?

A

December 1917

120
Q

When was the execution of the Romanov family?

A

1918

121
Q

How many members did the Cheka have by June 1918?

A

1,000

122
Q

By June 1918 the Cheka had how many members?

A

1,000

123
Q

By what date did most provinces and districts have a Cheka branch?

A

September 1918

124
Q

By mid-1918 the Cheka was…

A

Organised in every district and armed with extensive power to stop counterrevolution and fight class enemies

125
Q

How many in the Cheka by 1919?

A

37,000

126
Q

How many in the Cheka by mid-1921?

A

137,106 with an additional 94,288 frontier troops

127
Q

How many did the Cheka kill 1918-20?

A

300,000

128
Q

When did the Red Terror start?

A

September 1918

129
Q

The red terror called for…

A

“An open, mass, systematic terror against the bourgeoisie and it’s agents”

130
Q

When were 25 tsarist ministers and high civil servants shot out of hand in Moscow?

A

1918

131
Q

Who was shot out of hand in Moscow in 1918?

A

25 former tsarists and high civil servants

132
Q

What happened during the red terror?

A

Birth of state-sanctioned concentration camps, gave the secret police the right to execute suspects on the spot, advocated mass shootings

133
Q

The red army was created in…

A

December 1917

134
Q

What happened to the army under Lenin?

A

Democratised - officers elected, army to be controlled by the army soviet, abolition of ranks, saluting, decorations etc.

135
Q

When did the Kronstadt sailors rise up against Lenin?

A

March 1921

136
Q

How many Kronstadt sailors rose up against Lenin?

A

16,000

137
Q

What did the Kronstadt sailors demand from Lenin?

A

Greater democracy, release of political prisoners, freedom of speech and assembly

138
Q

What happened to the Kronstadt sailors in 1921?

A

Crushed by 60,000 red guards, led by tukachevsky, and were shot or deported

139
Q

When was the kadet party outlawed?

A

1918

140
Q

What happened to the kadet party in 1918?

A

Outlawed

141
Q

When was the civil war?

A

1918-20

142
Q

Who intervened during the civil war?

A

Over 200,000 troops from 14 capitalist nations

143
Q

How many died in the civil war?

A

7-10 million

144
Q

Who was the civil war between?

A

The reds (Bolsheviks), whites (liberals, tsarists, nationalists, seperalists, SRs, other moderate societies), and the greens (peasants wanting to protect their own local areas)

145
Q

The cult of the party?

A

Leadership was portrayed as an anonymous collective body making joint decisions

146
Q

Under war communism industrial production sunk to…

A

1/6 of 1913 levels

Russia 1855-1964 (15 decks)

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