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Cytogenetics > Staining and Banding > Flashcards

Staining and Banding Flashcards

1
Q

This is defined as the part of a chromosome which is clearly distinguishable from its adjacent segments by appearing darker or lighter with various banding methods.

A

Band

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2
Q

This is the year and conference that defined what a Band is.

A

Paris Conference in 1971

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3
Q

This is the reason why banding and band pattern is necessary to study.

A

To identify abnormalities.

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4
Q

These are the classification of banding techniques.

A
  1. Based on GC and AT Regions
  2. Constitutive Heterochromatin Region
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5
Q

These are the chromosomes that have a condensed size and increased diameter used in banding studies after fixing.

A

Metaphase Chromosomes

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6
Q

These are the Banding Techniques

A
  1. Quinarcine
  2. Giemsa
  3. NOR
  4. Centromeric
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7
Q

The year Q banding was made.

A

1958

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8
Q

The year G banding was made.

A

1971

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9
Q

The year NOR banding was made.

A

1973

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10
Q

The year C banding was made.

A

1978

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11
Q

The people that made Q banding.

A

Casperson et. al

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12
Q

The people that made G banding.

A

Summer et. al

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13
Q

The people that made NOR banding.

A

Matsui and Sasaki

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14
Q

The people that made C banding.

A

Linde and Laursen

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15
Q

This is the process on which the cells are subjected to mild hydrolysis at 1N HCl- at 600 degrees C for 10 minutes.

A

Feulgen Staining

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16
Q

This treatment produces a free aldehyde group in its deoxyribose molecule; only specific for DNA.

A

Feulgen Staining

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17
Q

This is the color of the Feulgen Stain and the respective reagents used.

A

Schiff’s reagent and basic fuschin bleached with sulfuric acid. Pink is the end color.

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18
Q

This is the part of the cell that is visible when treated with a Feulgen Stain.

A

The DNA (not the protein)

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19
Q

These are the fluorescent bands observed after staining and observation with UV light.

A

Quinacrine (mustard) Banding

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20
Q

These are the ends of a chromatid that are not stained by Q stain.

A

Distal ends

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21
Q

These are the respective phases wherein the Y chromosomes becomes fluorescent.

A

Interphase and Metaphase

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22
Q

Q and G banding are similar due to this region being fluorescent.

A

A and T rich region of chromosomes.

23
Q

These are the respective staining characteristics of AT and GC rich bases.

A

AT is dark staining and GC is light staining.

24
Q

Coming from reverse, these are located in zones that do not fluoresce either the quinacrine mustard.

A

R banding

25
Q

This is the buffer used and the following stain treated in R banding.

A

Phosphate buffer and Giemsa stain

26
Q

This is the visualized color of the R bands and they are located between these bands.

A

Visualized as green between Q bands.

27
Q

This banding technique is used to provide critical information about gene rich regions near the telomeres.

A

R banding

28
Q

These banding technique has the same location as the Q bands and do not require fluorescent microscopy.

A

G banding

29
Q

This is the main disadvantage of G banding.

A

Not applicable for plants.

30
Q

This is the meaning of the ASG cells.

A

Acid-Saline-Giemsa Cells

31
Q

These are the components and process of the G banding technique.

A
  1. Citric acid (trypsin) and NaCl Incubation
  2. One hour incubation at 60 C
  3. Treated with the Giemsa stain
32
Q

This is the purpose of using trypsin, urea, or protease in G banding technique.

A

To denature proteins

33
Q

Two compounds interacting with DNA in order to brighten sulfur rich regions.

A

Thiazine and Eosin

34
Q

These are the 3 Methylenes used in G banding.

A
  1. Methelyene Azure+
  2. Methelyene Violet+
  3. Methelyne Blue+
35
Q

This isthe reason why G banding techniques are not applicable to plants.

A

Planst mitotic metaphase is 10x shorter than humans.

36
Q

This is specifically used for identifying heterochromatin.

A

C banding

37
Q

This is described as the major component of the eukaryotic nucleus and is essential for the maintenance of genome stability.

A

Heterochromatin

38
Q

This is the region where C banding techniques are done.

A

Heterochromatin Region

39
Q

This is a banding technique wherein DNA is denatured with an alkaline soluton then treated with a Giemsa stain.

A

C banding

40
Q

This is the location wherein C banding stains the constitutive heterochromatins.

A

Near the centomere

41
Q

This is a technique wherein it is air dried and treated with TCA and HCl.

A

N banding

42
Q

These are the procedures in N banding techniques.

A
  1. Treated with 5% Trichloroacetic acid; 95C; 30 minutes.
  2. Treated with 0.1N HCl; 60C; 30 minutes.
43
Q

These are the advantages of N banding techniques.

A
  1. Nuecleolar organizer region indentidication.
  2. Superior banding for plants.
44
Q

This is the respective origin of the parts of a chromosome.

A
  1. Short arm (p) for petite.
  2. Long arm (q) for queue.
  3. Centromere
45
Q

This is described as the regions of a chromosome arm that can be seen using a microscope and stains.

A

Cytogenetic Bands

46
Q

These are the labels of cytogenetic bands.

A

p1, p2, q1, and q2

Counted from the centromere towards the telomere.

47
Q

These are bands found within the bands at a higher resolution.

A

Sub-bands

48
Q

Where is the indicated map location of the gene 7q31.2

A

Chromosome 7; Q Arm; Band 3; Sub-band 1; Sub-sub-band 2.

49
Q

These are the notation used for the ends of a chromosome.

A

ptel and qtel

50
Q

This indicated the notation 7qtel.

A

End of the long arm of the 7th chromosome.

51
Q

This is the meaning of ISCN.

A

International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature.

52
Q

This is the number of which is near and far from the centromere.

A
  1. Lowest number is near the centromere.
  2. Highest number is far from the centromere.
53
Q

These are the other terms for the lowest and highest number of a chromosome area.

A
  1. Proximal (near/lowest)
  2. Distal (far/highest)
54
Q

As far as the nomencalture for chromosome notation, this is how to read the following:

  1. p11
  2. p23
A
  1. short arm one-one
  2. short arm two-three

Cytogenetics (15 decks)

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