Staining and Banding Flashcards
This is defined as the part of a chromosome which is clearly distinguishable from its adjacent segments by appearing darker or lighter with various banding methods.
Band
This is the year and conference that defined what a Band is.
Paris Conference in 1971
This is the reason why banding and band pattern is necessary to study.
To identify abnormalities.
These are the classification of banding techniques.
- Based on GC and AT Regions
- Constitutive Heterochromatin Region
These are the chromosomes that have a condensed size and increased diameter used in banding studies after fixing.
Metaphase Chromosomes
These are the Banding Techniques
- Quinarcine
- Giemsa
- NOR
- Centromeric
The year Q banding was made.
1958
The year G banding was made.
1971
The year NOR banding was made.
1973
The year C banding was made.
1978
The people that made Q banding.
Casperson et. al
The people that made G banding.
Summer et. al
The people that made NOR banding.
Matsui and Sasaki
The people that made C banding.
Linde and Laursen
This is the process on which the cells are subjected to mild hydrolysis at 1N HCl- at 600 degrees C for 10 minutes.
Feulgen Staining
This treatment produces a free aldehyde group in its deoxyribose molecule; only specific for DNA.
Feulgen Staining
This is the color of the Feulgen Stain and the respective reagents used.
Schiff’s reagent and basic fuschin bleached with sulfuric acid. Pink is the end color.
This is the part of the cell that is visible when treated with a Feulgen Stain.
The DNA (not the protein)
These are the fluorescent bands observed after staining and observation with UV light.
Quinacrine (mustard) Banding
These are the ends of a chromatid that are not stained by Q stain.
Distal ends
These are the respective phases wherein the Y chromosomes becomes fluorescent.
Interphase and Metaphase
Q and G banding are similar due to this region being fluorescent.
A and T rich region of chromosomes.
These are the respective staining characteristics of AT and GC rich bases.
AT is dark staining and GC is light staining.
Coming from reverse, these are located in zones that do not fluoresce either the quinacrine mustard.
R banding
This is the buffer used and the following stain treated in R banding.
Phosphate buffer and Giemsa stain
This is the visualized color of the R bands and they are located between these bands.
Visualized as green between Q bands.
This banding technique is used to provide critical information about gene rich regions near the telomeres.
R banding
These banding technique has the same location as the Q bands and do not require fluorescent microscopy.
G banding
This is the main disadvantage of G banding.
Not applicable for plants.
This is the meaning of the ASG cells.
Acid-Saline-Giemsa Cells
These are the components and process of the G banding technique.
- Citric acid (trypsin) and NaCl Incubation
- One hour incubation at 60 C
- Treated with the Giemsa stain
This is the purpose of using trypsin, urea, or protease in G banding technique.
To denature proteins
Two compounds interacting with DNA in order to brighten sulfur rich regions.
Thiazine and Eosin
These are the 3 Methylenes used in G banding.
- Methelyene Azure+
- Methelyene Violet+
- Methelyne Blue+
This isthe reason why G banding techniques are not applicable to plants.
Planst mitotic metaphase is 10x shorter than humans.
This is specifically used for identifying heterochromatin.
C banding
This is described as the major component of the eukaryotic nucleus and is essential for the maintenance of genome stability.
Heterochromatin
This is the region where C banding techniques are done.
Heterochromatin Region
This is a banding technique wherein DNA is denatured with an alkaline soluton then treated with a Giemsa stain.
C banding
This is the location wherein C banding stains the constitutive heterochromatins.
Near the centomere
This is a technique wherein it is air dried and treated with TCA and HCl.
N banding
These are the procedures in N banding techniques.
- Treated with 5% Trichloroacetic acid; 95C; 30 minutes.
- Treated with 0.1N HCl; 60C; 30 minutes.
These are the advantages of N banding techniques.
- Nuecleolar organizer region indentidication.
- Superior banding for plants.
This is the respective origin of the parts of a chromosome.
- Short arm (p) for petite.
- Long arm (q) for queue.
- Centromere
This is described as the regions of a chromosome arm that can be seen using a microscope and stains.
Cytogenetic Bands
These are the labels of cytogenetic bands.
p1, p2, q1, and q2
Counted from the centromere towards the telomere.
These are bands found within the bands at a higher resolution.
Sub-bands
Where is the indicated map location of the gene 7q31.2
Chromosome 7; Q Arm; Band 3; Sub-band 1; Sub-sub-band 2.
These are the notation used for the ends of a chromosome.
ptel and qtel
This indicated the notation 7qtel.
End of the long arm of the 7th chromosome.
This is the meaning of ISCN.
International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature.
This is the number of which is near and far from the centromere.
- Lowest number is near the centromere.
- Highest number is far from the centromere.
These are the other terms for the lowest and highest number of a chromosome area.
- Proximal (near/lowest)
- Distal (far/highest)
As far as the nomencalture for chromosome notation, this is how to read the following:
- p11
- p23
- short arm one-one
- short arm two-three
