Introduction to Cytogenetics Flashcards
This is the study of life, where genetics come from.
Biology
This deals with the heredity and how organisms pass on genetic information.
Genetics
He was the one that suggested that physical characteristics are stored within semen, and it interacts with menstrual blood.
Aristotle
An Augustinian monk that used peas to observe characteristics up to two generations a year.
Gregor Johann Mendel
The Father of Modern Genetics
Gregor Johann Mendel
The year where Mendel presented his findings to the Natural History Society of Brunn.
1865
The year scientists accepted the Blending Theory of Mendel.
1900’s
This is when offsprings have characteristics where it seems to blend in together.
The Blending Theory
This is an organism that makes it easy for researchers to investigate particular traits.
A Model System
Through this, researchers can learn principles and apply harder-to-learn organisms or biological systems such as humans.
A Model System
This is the number of chromosomes pair a human has.
23 pairs
The number of autosomal pairs a human has.
22 autosomal pairs
The number of chromosome sex pair a human has.
1 pair
What are the two variation of sex pairs: a woman and man.
XX is for a woman: XY for a man
This is when a particular trait (a pair of alleles separate and only one allele) passes from parent to offspring.
The Principle of Segregation
This is when different genes separate on their own from one another when reproductive cells develop.
Principle of Independent Assortment
This was observed by Gregor Johann Mendel during his 1865 studies of pea plants.
Principle of Independent Assortment
This refers to the relationship between two versions of a gene.
Dominant Gene
This refers to the two version of genes we receive from each parent.
Allele
This is the allele that will be expressed in a heterogenous pair of genes.
Dominant Gene
This is the effect of the other allele. A masked allele.
Recessive Gene
This is when both alleles are partially expressed.
Incomplete Dominance
This occurs with polygenic inheritance traits such as eye color or skin color.
Incomplete Dominance
This is a type of heterogenous phenotype that comes from two homogenous dominant and recessive traits.
Incomplete Dominance
This is when two homogenous dominant parents create a generation where the offspring shows both dominant alleles.
Co-dominance
This is when a parent passes down a condition to a child via autosomes.
Autosomal Inheritance
This is when a copy of a faulty gene from one parent can cause a condition in the child.
Autosomal Inheritance
This is the chance of a child inheriting a faulty gene if one parent has an autosomal disorder.
50%
This is only possible when both parents have a heterogenous autosomal disorder.
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
This is possible if at least 1 parent has an autosomal gene disorder.
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
This is a condition that stems from the X chromosome.
X-linked Dominant
Males inheriting this copy of the gene would manifest the condition.
X-linked Dominant
Females inheriting one copy of this condition would only have a less sever manifestation. Inheriting 2 copies would manifest it completely.
X-linked Dominant
A condition wherein only females can pass the disorder.
X-linked Dominant
A condition that stems from the X chromosome that is neither dominant nor recessive.
X-linked
This condition is only present in males and can only be passed from male parent to male child.
Y-linked
He used fruit flies in his research.
Thomas Hunt Morgan
This is the scientific name of a fruit fly.
Drosophila melanogaster
The founder of the double helix structure of DNA.
James Watson and Francis Crick
The person that coined the word genetics for the first time.
William Bateson
The two individuals that made significant findings on genetic linkages.
Bateson and Punnett
This is the year when William and Punnett made discoveries for cytogenetics.
1905
These two people used the equilibrium density gradient centrifugation in their studies.
Meselson and Stahl
This is the year Meselson and Stahl made discoveries for cytogenetics.
1958
This process was used in order to conclude DNA replication as “semi-conservative.”
Equilibrium Density Gradient Centrifugation
This is the person that discovered the PCR.
Fred Sanger
This is the process of a reverse transcriptase.
mRNA to DNA
The year when Fred Sanger made a significant discovery for cytogenetics.
1986
The first ever animal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.
Dolly the Sheep
The two people that cloned the first animal from an adult somatic cell.
Keith Campbell and Lian Wilmut
The year Keith Campbell and Lian Wilmut made discoveries for cytogenetics.
1996
The year Dolly the Sheep was cloned.
1996
The first pet to be cloned.
CC the Cat
The year where the CC the Cat was cloned.
2001
This was the year and case when lots of contradictions on cloning humans and animals were made.
2001: The case of CC the Cat.
This is when alleles coming from parent genes can create various different phenotypes. One such example are blood types.
Mixed Dominance
