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Cytogenetics > Introduction to Cytology > Flashcards

Introduction to Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

This is a branch of genetics that studies the function of a cell.

A

Cytogenetics

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2
Q

This puts focus on chromosomes and the process of inheritance.

A

Cytogenetics

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3
Q

He used a salamander in desribing chromosomes.

A

Walther Flemming

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4
Q

This was the number of human chromosomes was mistakenly identified to be.

A

48

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5
Q

The other term for Trisomy 21

A

Down Synrome

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6
Q

Why is it called Trisomy 21?

A

This is because the 21st has become a triplet of chromosomes.

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7
Q

This is the year where the human karyotype was determined to be 46.

A

1956

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8
Q

This is the most basic technique in genetics.

A

Karyotyping

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9
Q

This is the routine analysis of chromosomes at the metaphase stage.

A

Karyotyping

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10
Q

This is the reason why karyotyping is important.

A

In order to visualize structures and observe abnormalities.

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11
Q

This refers to the removal of chromosomes that could potentially remove senses like hunger, thirst, or pain.

A

Chromosome Deletion

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12
Q

The two types of stains in karyotyping.

A

Giemsa and Leishman Stains

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13
Q

This is the reason why the metaphase stage is the best for karyotyping.

A

Chromosomes are distinguishable and can be fully viewed from the microscope.

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14
Q

This is a cytogenetic technique that uses molecules that light up and attaches to specific chromosome areas with a high sequence complementarity.

A

Fluorescent In-site Hybridization (FISH)

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15
Q

This is an expensive process due to probes and their effective ability to detect abnormalities.

A

Fluorescent In-site Hybridization (FISH)

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16
Q

These molecules are important in targeting specific chromosomes and chromosome parts like their tips.

A

Probes

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17
Q

These are examples of probes.

A
  1. Gene-specific Probes
  2. Centromeric Probes
  3. Telomeric Probes
  4. Chromosome-painting Probes
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18
Q

There are the examples of repetitive sequence probes.

A
  1. Centromeric Probes
  2. Telomeric Probes
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19
Q

These are organisms that require extra materials and special factors in order to survive.

A

Fastidious Organisms

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20
Q

These are examples of organisms that need special needs in order to survive.

A

Humans and Bacteria

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21
Q

These are used in order to study the extent of which certain genes are turned on or off in cells and tissues.

A

DNA Microarray Analysis

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22
Q

This is used today as a form of clinical diagnostic test for some diseases.

A

DNA Microarray Analysis

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23
Q

This is the sample that is needed in order to use microarray analysis.

A

mRNA

24
Q

This is when an mRNA turns into a protein.

A

Translation

25
Q

This is the enzyme that reverts mRNA back to DNA.

A

Reverse Transcriptase

26
Q

An example of virus that possesses the reverse transcriptase enzyme.

A

HIV

27
Q

This is the determining factor for the diagnosis of HIV.

A

Viral Load

28
Q

The CD4 count in determining AIDS.

A

> 200

29
Q

The CD4 count in determining HIV.

A

<200

30
Q

What is the type of therapy used in order to treat viruses such as HIV.

A

Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART)

31
Q

These are organized structures of DNA.

A

Chromosomes

32
Q

These have structural proteins and other factors in order to help maintain its integrity to facilitate formation and replication.

A

Chromosomes

33
Q

These have all the genetic material in an organism.

A

Chromosomes

34
Q

These are structural proteins responsible for preventing DNA from uncoiling and getting damaged.

A

Histones

35
Q

This refers to having multiple sets of chromosomes.

A

Polyploidy

36
Q

Examples of mutliple sets of chromosomes.

A
  1. Diploid
  2. Triploid
  3. Tetraploid
  4. Pentaploid
37
Q

This is the enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA.

A

DNA Helicase

38
Q

This is the term for an unzipped DNA.

A

Replication Fork

39
Q

These are chromosomes that are of a matching pair, each coming from a parent.

A

Homologous Chromosomes

40
Q

These are two identical copies of a given chromosome formed by DNA replication.

A

Sister Chromatids

41
Q

This refers to the longest arm of a chromosome.

A

Q Arm

42
Q

This refers to the shortest arm of a chromosome.

A

P Arm

43
Q

This refers to the tip of a chromosome.

A

Telomere

44
Q

This refers to the center of a chromosome.

A

Centromere

45
Q

This is the location wherein two identical chromosome pairs are joint together.

A

Centromere

46
Q

These are the type of chromosomes found within eukaryotes.

A

Linear Chromosomes

47
Q

These are the type of DNA found in prokaryotes’ nucleoid region.

A

Circular DNA

48
Q

This is the process prokaryotes (bacteria) proliferate and reproduce.

A

Asexual Reproduction via Binary Fission

49
Q

This is the causative agent (specie of bacteria) of a disease commonly found in tick bites.

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

50
Q

This is the term for the disease that refers to tick bites.

A

Lyme Disease

51
Q

These are the people that made discoveries about tick bites and their associated disease.

A

Hinnebusch and Tilly

52
Q

This is the year where they discovered the associated disease coming from tick bites.

A

1993

53
Q

These are the people that said that bacteria contain linear chromosomes.

A

Hinnebusch and Tilly

54
Q

The specific species of ticks that causes lyme disease.

A

Ixodes

55
Q

This is characterized by a red center and a ring around a bite mark indicating the initial rash of Lyme disease.

A

Erythema (chronicum) migrans

Cytogenetics (15 decks)

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