Genetic Material Flashcards
These are the three macromolecules that comprise a living organism.
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
DNA is first isolated by this individual at the following year and by what substance.
Friedrich Miescher; 1869; Pus
This is the year where DNA was discovered and the people that discovered it.
1952; Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
This is the experiement done in order to determine if DNA carried genetic information.
Hershey-Chase Experiment on a T4 Phage
These are the two processes they used in order to determine which part of a phage held genetic material.
- Blending
- Centrifugation
This is the material wherein its radioactivity determined that it stored genetic information.
Pellets (Radioactive DNA via Phosphorus)
These are the radioactive element they used and the respective material it binds to in a phage.
Sulfur: Protein
Phosphorus: DNA
This is the a virus that mainly hunts down bacteria.
Phage
This is the process in which a cell burts open due to vrius replicating inside of it.
Cell Lysis
This is what a body of a bacteriophage is made out of.
Proteins
These are the two individuals that introduced the current accepted model of a DNA which is a double helix.
Francis Crick and James Watson
This is the person that that published a paper in Nature that supported the model of Watson and Crick.
Maurice Wilkins
This is the prize that Watson and Crick won.
Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology
This is the fundamental relationship between DNA, RNA, and Proteins.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
This is a two-step process, by which information in genes flows intro protein, that is defined by the dogma.
Transcription and Translation
This is the process wherein DNA is converted into RNA.
Synthesis of RNA via copy of DNA segment.
Transcription
This is the process that converts mRNA to Proteins.
Translation
This is the main repository of genetic inormation among all living organisms and viruses.
DNA
This is the two chains interlaced with one another to form the double helix.
Bipolymer
This is what the two strands are called.
Polynucleotides
These are what the smaller units of the two strands are called.
Nucleotides
These are made up of nitrogenous bases and is composed of pentose sugar backbones.
Nucelotides
This is what nucleotides are made up of.
Nucelobases (Nitrogenous Bases)
A-T and C-G
This is the structure when nucleobases are linked to a sugar.
Nucelosides
This is the type of linkage that bases form with sugars.
N-B-glycosidic Linkage
These are the respective linkages of a base and sugar each nucleoside have.
- Purine: C1 Sugar to N9 Base
- Pyrimidine: C1 Sugar to N1 Base
These are the type of bonds a phosphate group and a nucleoside form.
Phosphodiester Bonds
1, 2, or 3 phosphate bonds at the 3’ or 5’ hydroxyl group.
This acts as the sugar backbone that connects all other DNA components.
2-deoxyribose
This is a pentose sugar.
This is an aldopentose monosaccaride with 5 carbons and an aldehyde functional group.
2-deoxyribose
This is the reaction and the product in the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
Condensation Reaction and produces H2O
These are nitrogen-containing molecules necessary in the repetitive pattern of a DNA in order to maintain genetic information.
Nucleobases
Two types of nucleobases and their ring structure.
- Purines (Double-ringed)
- Pyrimidines (Single-ringed)
These are the base pairings and their repsective H bonds.
- A-T/U: 2 H bonds
- G-C: 3 H bonds
Purines only pair with Pyrimidines.
This is the main strand of a DNA sequence and the same as that of a protein tranlsated by an mRNA.
Sense
Can also be called as the Leading Strand.
This is the opposite strand of a DNA sequence.
Antisense
Can also be called as the Lagging Strand.
This nucleic acid is a lot more fragile and prone to hydrolysis.
RNA
This is the unmethylated form of Thymine.
Uracil
This is the effect of a DNA sequence that have erroneous patterns.
Genetic Abnormalities
This is an example of a start codon.
AUG
These are examples of a stop codon.
UAG, UAA, UGA
These are the complementary strands of senses and mRNA
- Sense: Antisense
- Codons: Anti-codons
mRNA becomes tRNA.
These are the structures formed when 3 anti-codons are grouped together.
Peptides
This is the process of which a DNA allows itself to be tightened and loosened.
Supercoiling
Their negative charge allows them to supercoil.
This enzyme catalyzes the transcription process of the mRNA to the antisense strand of the DNA.
DNA Polymerase
These are the three alternate DNA structures.
A, B, and Z
These are the properties of an A-DNA.
- Right-handed
- 75% Humidity with Na, K, Cs ions
- 11 bases per turn
- 23A helical diameter
This type of DNA requires RNA utilization.
These are the properties of a B-DNA
- Right-handed
- 10 bases per turn
- Most common DNA found in animals and plants
- 20A helical diameter
This alternate DNA is generally considered to be a laboratory anomaly.
Z-DNA
Otherwise knows as Zig-zag DNA.
This nucleic acids plays an important role in the regulation and expression of genes.
RNA
That’s ribonucleic acid for ‘ya!
These are the types of RNA.
- mRNA (Messenger)
- tRNA (Transfer)
- rRNA (Ribosomal)
This RNA is reposnsible for carrying information about protein sequences to the ribosomes.
mRNA
This RNA is small and attatches specific amino acids to growing polypetide chains at ribosomal sites of protein synthesis.
tRNA
This is the number of nucleoties composing a tRNA.
80
This RNA is found mostly in eukaryotes and serve as catalytic components of ribosomes.
rRNA
This RNA is important in silencing, downregulating, and suppressing gene expression.
MicroRNA
This is a parasitic nematode that posses microRNAs.
Caenorhabditis elegans
These are the characteristics of a virus with regards to nucleic acids.
Either DNA or RNA
DNA is always double-stranded and RNA is either.
This virus is an example of double-strand DNA.
Rotavirus
Comes from the Retroviridae Family.
This is an example of illnes a rotavirus causes.
Gastroenteritis
This refers to a complete set of DNA or RNA in an organism.
Genome
Genomes and DNA is stored in chromosomes.
