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Cytogenetics > Genetic Material > Flashcards

Genetic Material Flashcards

1
Q

These are the three macromolecules that comprise a living organism.

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
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2
Q

DNA is first isolated by this individual at the following year and by what substance.

A

Friedrich Miescher; 1869; Pus

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3
Q

This is the year where DNA was discovered and the people that discovered it.

A

1952; Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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4
Q

This is the experiement done in order to determine if DNA carried genetic information.

A

Hershey-Chase Experiment on a T4 Phage

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5
Q

These are the two processes they used in order to determine which part of a phage held genetic material.

A
  1. Blending
  2. Centrifugation
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6
Q

This is the material wherein its radioactivity determined that it stored genetic information.

A

Pellets (Radioactive DNA via Phosphorus)

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7
Q

These are the radioactive element they used and the respective material it binds to in a phage.

A

Sulfur: Protein
Phosphorus: DNA

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8
Q

This is the a virus that mainly hunts down bacteria.

A

Phage

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9
Q

This is the process in which a cell burts open due to vrius replicating inside of it.

A

Cell Lysis

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10
Q

This is what a body of a bacteriophage is made out of.

A

Proteins

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11
Q

These are the two individuals that introduced the current accepted model of a DNA which is a double helix.

A

Francis Crick and James Watson

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12
Q

This is the person that that published a paper in Nature that supported the model of Watson and Crick.

A

Maurice Wilkins

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13
Q

This is the prize that Watson and Crick won.

A

Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology

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14
Q

This is the fundamental relationship between DNA, RNA, and Proteins.

A

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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15
Q

This is a two-step process, by which information in genes flows intro protein, that is defined by the dogma.

A

Transcription and Translation

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16
Q

This is the process wherein DNA is converted into RNA.

Synthesis of RNA via copy of DNA segment.

A

Transcription

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17
Q

This is the process that converts mRNA to Proteins.

A

Translation

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18
Q

This is the main repository of genetic inormation among all living organisms and viruses.

A

DNA

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19
Q

This is the two chains interlaced with one another to form the double helix.

A

Bipolymer

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20
Q

This is what the two strands are called.

A

Polynucleotides

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21
Q

These are what the smaller units of the two strands are called.

A

Nucleotides

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22
Q

These are made up of nitrogenous bases and is composed of pentose sugar backbones.

A

Nucelotides

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23
Q

This is what nucleotides are made up of.

A

Nucelobases (Nitrogenous Bases)

A-T and C-G

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24
Q

This is the structure when nucleobases are linked to a sugar.

A

Nucelosides

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25
Q

This is the type of linkage that bases form with sugars.

A

N-B-glycosidic Linkage

26
Q

These are the respective linkages of a base and sugar each nucleoside have.

A
  1. Purine: C1 Sugar to N9 Base
  2. Pyrimidine: C1 Sugar to N1 Base
27
Q

These are the type of bonds a phosphate group and a nucleoside form.

A

Phosphodiester Bonds

1, 2, or 3 phosphate bonds at the 3’ or 5’ hydroxyl group.

28
Q

This acts as the sugar backbone that connects all other DNA components.

A

2-deoxyribose

This is a pentose sugar.

29
Q

This is an aldopentose monosaccaride with 5 carbons and an aldehyde functional group.

A

2-deoxyribose

30
Q

This is the reaction and the product in the formation of a phosphodiester bond.

A

Condensation Reaction and produces H2O

31
Q

These are nitrogen-containing molecules necessary in the repetitive pattern of a DNA in order to maintain genetic information.

A

Nucleobases

32
Q

Two types of nucleobases and their ring structure.

A
  1. Purines (Double-ringed)
  2. Pyrimidines (Single-ringed)
33
Q

These are the base pairings and their repsective H bonds.

A
  1. A-T/U: 2 H bonds
  2. G-C: 3 H bonds

Purines only pair with Pyrimidines.

34
Q

This is the main strand of a DNA sequence and the same as that of a protein tranlsated by an mRNA.

A

Sense

Can also be called as the Leading Strand.

35
Q

This is the opposite strand of a DNA sequence.

A

Antisense

Can also be called as the Lagging Strand.

36
Q

This nucleic acid is a lot more fragile and prone to hydrolysis.

A

RNA

37
Q

This is the unmethylated form of Thymine.

A

Uracil

38
Q

This is the effect of a DNA sequence that have erroneous patterns.

A

Genetic Abnormalities

39
Q

This is an example of a start codon.

A

AUG

40
Q

These are examples of a stop codon.

A

UAG, UAA, UGA

41
Q

These are the complementary strands of senses and mRNA

A
  1. Sense: Antisense
  2. Codons: Anti-codons

mRNA becomes tRNA.

42
Q

These are the structures formed when 3 anti-codons are grouped together.

A

Peptides

43
Q

This is the process of which a DNA allows itself to be tightened and loosened.

A

Supercoiling

Their negative charge allows them to supercoil.

44
Q

This enzyme catalyzes the transcription process of the mRNA to the antisense strand of the DNA.

A

DNA Polymerase

45
Q

These are the three alternate DNA structures.

A

A, B, and Z

46
Q

These are the properties of an A-DNA.

A
  1. Right-handed
  2. 75% Humidity with Na, K, Cs ions
  3. 11 bases per turn
  4. 23A helical diameter

This type of DNA requires RNA utilization.

47
Q

These are the properties of a B-DNA

A
  1. Right-handed
  2. 10 bases per turn
  3. Most common DNA found in animals and plants
  4. 20A helical diameter
48
Q

This alternate DNA is generally considered to be a laboratory anomaly.

A

Z-DNA

Otherwise knows as Zig-zag DNA.

49
Q

This nucleic acids plays an important role in the regulation and expression of genes.

A

RNA

That’s ribonucleic acid for ‘ya!

50
Q

These are the types of RNA.

A
  1. mRNA (Messenger)
  2. tRNA (Transfer)
  3. rRNA (Ribosomal)
51
Q

This RNA is reposnsible for carrying information about protein sequences to the ribosomes.

A

mRNA

52
Q

This RNA is small and attatches specific amino acids to growing polypetide chains at ribosomal sites of protein synthesis.

A

tRNA

53
Q

This is the number of nucleoties composing a tRNA.

A

80

54
Q

This RNA is found mostly in eukaryotes and serve as catalytic components of ribosomes.

A

rRNA

55
Q

This RNA is important in silencing, downregulating, and suppressing gene expression.

A

MicroRNA

56
Q

This is a parasitic nematode that posses microRNAs.

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

57
Q

These are the characteristics of a virus with regards to nucleic acids.

A

Either DNA or RNA

DNA is always double-stranded and RNA is either.

58
Q

This virus is an example of double-strand DNA.

A

Rotavirus

Comes from the Retroviridae Family.

59
Q

This is an example of illnes a rotavirus causes.

A

Gastroenteritis

60
Q

This refers to a complete set of DNA or RNA in an organism.

A

Genome

Genomes and DNA is stored in chromosomes.

Cytogenetics (15 decks)

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