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MIDTERMS HISTOPATH LAB > STAINING > Flashcards

STAINING Flashcards

1
Q

-

INFO ABT DYE
1. color bearer
2. doesn’t bear the color, but a color enhancer

A

dyes twin properties
1. Having a color
2. Able to bind to tissue

INFO ABT DYE
1. chromophore
2. auxochrome

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2
Q

THREE MAJOR TYPES ACC. TO FXN

  1. tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with a dye or staining solution
    - example (3)
    - producing coloration of the ____ component
  2. tissue constituents are studied through chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance
    - ___ reaction for hemoglobin (_____)
    - ____ staining for carbohydrates (____)
    - active reagent serves as the substrate upon which the enzymes act
  3. allow phenotypic markers to be detected and demonstrated
    - makes use of different labels (3)
  4. presence of enzyme in the cell
    - the one that will give the color, which is not the enzyme
A
  1. HISTOLOGICAL STAINING
    - microanatomic stains, bacterial stains & specific tissue stains
    - active tissue component
  2. HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING
    - Perl’s Prussian blue (iron)
    - Periodic Acid Schiff (aldehyde)
    - Enzyme histochemistry
    3.IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING
    - monoclonal/polyclonal, fluorescent-labeled,
    enzyme-labeled antibodies
  3. ENZYME STAINING
    - SUBSTRATE
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3
Q

MAJOR TYPES ACC. TO CHEMICAL COMPOSITION & PROPERTIES

  1. positive charge/ basic stain
    - takes up the acidic tissue is called
  2. negative charge/ acidic stain
    - takes up the basic tissue is called
  3. both charge is neutral aka
  4. used in fluorescent microscopy
    - colors (2)
  5. lipid stains
    - takes up lipids are called
    - they are ____ dyes so they are commonly employed in staining fats
    - 3 common used in staining fats in urine
    - Sudan 4 aka
A
  1. CATIONIC DYE
    - ACIDOPHILIC
  2. ANIONIC DYE
    - BASOPHILIC
  3. AMPHOTERIC
  4. FLUORESCENT DYE
    - RED & APPLE GREEN
  5. lipid stains
    - SUDANPHILIC
    - OIL SOLUBLE DYES
    - SUDAN BLACK B, SUDAN 3, OIL RED O
    - SCHARLACH R
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4
Q

MECHANISMS IN STAIN/DYE

  1. the tissue w/ chemical component reacts directly with the dye
  2. thru absorption (_____)
  3. not all dyes can be dissolved in water
    - to dissolve the dye, they dissolve in usually ____ to penetrate the lipids
  4. makes use of heavy metal salts which are selectively precipitated
    - affinity to silver
    - property to reduce silver
    - reduced silver metals causes _____
    - most commonly used agent: ____—may also be used as a staining agent
    - used for silver staining of _____ and demonstration of ______
A
  1. CHEMICAL/ HISTOCHEMICAL RXN
  2. DEXTRAN
  3. DIFFERENTIAL SOLUBILITY
    - 70% ETHANOL
  4. IMPREGNATION
    - ARGYROPHILIC
    - ARGENTAFFIN
    - BLACK DEPOSITS
    - SILVER NITRATE
    - NERVOUS TISSUE; RETICULIN
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5
Q

USUAL SOLVENT USED
1.
2.
3.
4.
- used in varying conc
- only its absolute form

A
  1. DISTILLED WATER
  2. PHENOL
  3. ANILINE WATER
  4. ALCOHOL
    - ETHANOL
    - METHANOL
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6
Q

METHODS OF STAINING

  1. process of giving color to the sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dyes
  2. process whereby action of dye is intensified by adding another reagent
    - what is this reagent that is added
    » ____ with hematocylin in Ehrlich’s hematoxylin
    » ____ with Weigert’s hematoxylin
    - merely accelerates or hastens the speed of staining reaction by increasing the staining power & selectivity of dye
    » ____ in Loeffler’s methylene blue
    » ____ in carbol thionine and carbol fuchsin
    - mordant cal also be done during fixative, what is the example mordant for this
  3. staining of the background so unstinted tissues are prominent against dark bg
    - example
A
  1. DIRECT STAINING
  2. INDIRECT STAINING
    - MORDANT
    » potassium alum
    » iron
    - ACCENTUATOR
    » potassium hydroxide
    » phenol
    - mercuric chloride
  3. NEGATIVE STAIING
    - INDIAN INK
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7
Q

METHODS OF STAINING

  1. process whereby tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence
  2. tissue is first over stained to obliterate cellular details, and excess stain is removed or decolorized
    - selective removal of excess stain from the tissue so that a specific substance
    - partial decolorizatiom
A
  1. PROGRESSIVE STAINING
  2. REGRESSIVE STAINING
    - DIFFERENTIATION/DECOLORIZATION
    - DIFFERENTIATION
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8
Q

METHODS OF STAINING

  1. different from that of the stain itself (_____)
    - basic dyes belonging to the ____ and _____ groups
  2. stain tissues in color shades that are similar to the color of the dye itself
A
  1. METACHROMATIC STAINING (metachromasia)
    - thiazine & triphenylmethane groups
  2. ORTHOCHROMATIC STAINING
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9
Q

METHODS OF STAINING

______: application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the staining of structural components to be demonstrated

  1. cytoplasmic stains
    - red: EY, EB, PB
    - yellow: PORb
    - green: LL
  2. nuclear stains
    - red: NCHS
    - blue: CMT
A

COUNTERSTAINING

  1. cytoplasmic stains
    - red: Eosin Y, Eosin B, Phloxine B
    - Picric acid, Orange g, Rose Bengal
    - green: Light green SF, Lissamine green
  2. nuclear stains
    - red: neutral red, carmine, hematoxylin, safranin 0
    - Celestine blue, Methylene Blue, Toluidine Blue
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10
Q

METHODS OF STAINING

______: process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated, not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metallic salts

  1. usually ___ deposit on the surface of the tissue
  2. agent is not absorbed by the tissue, but is held physically on the surface as a _____ or as a ____ product
  3. ____ -> reduced by ___ (melanin & intestinal glands)
A

METALLIC IMPREGNATION

  1. BLACK DEPOSIT
  2. PRECIPITATE; REDUCTION PRODUCT
  3. ammoniacal silver -> reduced by argentaffin cells (melanin & intestinal g
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11
Q

METHODS OF STAINING

______: selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of the dye particle

  1. ___ is resistant to staining
  2. ex: _____ → reticuloendothelial cells; ____→mitochondria
  3. done by injecting dye into any part of the body
    - examples (3)
  4. stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body
    - examples (3)
    - stain for reticulocytes
A

VITAL STAINING

  1. nucleus
  2. trypan blue; Janus green
  3. INTRAVITAL STAINING
    - lithium, carmine and India ink
  4. SUPRAVITAL STAINING
    - neutral red, Janus green, trypan blue
    - brilliant cresyl blue
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MIDTERMS HISTOPATH LAB (12 decks)

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