FIXATION Flashcards

1
Q

OVERVIEW:
1. primary purpose
2. secondary purpose
3. capable of inactivating ______
4. becomes part of the cross-link itself
5. removal of water in order for cross-links to form

A
  1. Preservation
  2. Protection
  3. lysosomes
  4. Additive
  5. Non-Additive
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2
Q

Factors to be Considered:

pH:

temp
1. Routine Manual
2. Routine Automated
3. Electron Microscopy
4. Formalin at 60C
5. Formalin at 100C
6. DNA
7. RNA

A

pH: 6-8

temp
1. room temp 20-22
2. 40C
3. 0-4C
4. very urgent biopsies
5. diagnosis of tuberculosis
6. 65
7. 45

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3
Q

Factors to be Considered:

size & thickness
1. Light Microscopy
2. Electron Microscop
3. Lung Edema

osmolality
1. light microscopy
2. electron microscopy

concentration
1. Formaldehyde
2. Glutaraldehyde

volume
1. Routine
2. Museum
3. Osmium Tetroxide

A

size & thickness
1. 2cm by 0.4cm
2. 1-2mm^2
3. 1-2cm

osmolality
1. hypertonic (400-450mosm)
2. isotonic (340mosm)

concentration
1. 10%
2. 3%

volume
1. 10-25x
2. 50-100x
3. 5-10x

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4
Q

Tissue/ Organ Preparations
1. Air-filled lungs
2. Hollow Organs
3. brain is suspended by cord tied under _____
- intravascular perfusion using ______
4. eyes should be injected with _____
5. hard tissues: ______ washed out / running
water overnight and immersed in ______
solution for 1-3 days
6. these are stretched / sutures on each end

A
  1. cover w/ several layers of gauze
  2. dilate w/ cotton soaked in fixative
  3. Circle of Willis
    - Ringer’s Lactate
  4. formol-alcohol
  5. Lendrum’s Method; 4% aq. phenol
  6. Muscles
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5
Q

Types of Fixatives

_____: preserve specific cellular components

  1. it is acid with pH
    - contains _____
  2. it is basic with pH
A

Cytological

  1. Nuclear; 4.6 or less than
    - glacial acetic acid
  2. Cytoplasmic; more than 4.6
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6
Q

Types of Fixatives

_____: preserve chemical constituents

  1. Lipids
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Carbohydrates
  5. Glycogen
  6. Proteins
  7. Electron M.
    - primary
    - secondary
A

Histochemical

  1. mercuric chloride
  2. baker’s formol-calcium
  3. digitonin
  4. alcoholic fixatives
  5. rossman’s fluid/ cold absolute alcohol
  6. neutral buffered formol saline/ formaldehyde vapor
  7. Electron M.
    - aldehydes
    - osmium tetroxide
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7
Q

ACCORDING TO COAGULABILITY
1. ethanol, methanol, acetone
2. cross-linking: aldehyde, metal salts

ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
1. demonstration of general relationship among
cells, tissues, & organs
2. specific cellular details
- dichromate fixatives (2)

Mixture of Fixatives:
1. Karnovsky’s paraformaldehyde-
glutaraldehyde solution
2. mixture of glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde

A

ACCORDING TO COAGULABILITY
1. Coagulant
2. Non-Coagulant

ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
1. General/ Routine
2. Specific
- Periodic Acid Schiff &
argentaffin

Mixture of Fixatives:
1. Electron Cytochemistry
2. Acrolein

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8
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

____: routinely used fixative

  1. gas produced by the oxidation of _______
  2. buffered at ph =
    - hypoxia leads to acidity which favors the formation of ______ heme pigments (black, polarizable deposits)
  3. pure stock: ______; commercial: _______
  4. dilution: ___ (10% sol’n); ____ (5% sol’n)
  5. conc. for fixation/working sol’n: ______
  6. white ppt. due to prolonged storage
    - may be removed by filtration or addition of _____
A

Formaldehyde

  1. methyl alcohol
  2. 7-8
    - Formalin heme pigments
  3. pure stock: 40% formalin; commercial: 37-40% formaldehdye
  4. 1:10 (10% sol’n); 1:20 (5% sol’n)
  5. 10% formalin
  6. Paraformaldehyde
    - 10% methanol
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9
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives:

  1. for enzymes, nucleoproteins, fats, & mucins
    - composed of
  2. best for frozen sections, iron pigments, & elastic fibers
    - composed of
  3. for lipids, especially neutral fats and phospholipids
    - composed of
  4. the demonstration of immunoperoxidase activity, glycogen,
    microincineration; fix sputum
    - composed of
  5. electron microscopy
    - 2 ____ linked by 3 carbon chains
    - used in conjunction with
A
  1. 10% Formol-Saline
    - Formaldehyde + Sodium Chloride
  2. 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin
    - F + Sodium
  3. Formol-Corrosive/Sublimate
    - F + Sat. Mercuric Chloride
  4. Alcoholic Formalin/ Gendre’s
    - F + Ethyl Alcohol + Gl. Acetic Acid
  5. Glutaraldehyde
    - formaldehyde residues
    - osmium tetroxide
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10
Q

Metallic Fixatives: Mercuric Chloride

  1. for small pieces of liver, spleen, CT fibers & nuclei
    - removal of mercuric deposits
  2. for pituitary, bone marrow and blood-containing organs
    - components
  3. for tumor biopsies of the skin
  4. for bone marrow biopsies
    - components
A
  1. Zenker’s Fluid
    - removal of mercuric deposits
  2. Zenker-Formol/
    Helley’s
    - Formaldehyde + Zenker
  3. Heidenhain’s Susa Sol’n
  4. B-5 Fixative
    - Mercury Chloride + F + Sodium Acetate
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11
Q

Metallic Fixatives: Chromate

  1. for carbohydrates
  2. for lipids & mitochondria
  3. for chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, Golgi
    bodies, RBC and colloid-containing tissues
    - components
  4. for early degenerative processes, tissue necrosis,
    Rickettsiae and other bacteria
    - components
A
  1. Chromic Acid
  2. Potassium
    Dichromate
  3. Regaud’s Fluid/
    Moller’s
    - Potassium Chromate + F
  4. Orth’s Fluid
    - Potassium Chromate + F +/- Sodium Sulfate
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12
Q

demonstration of acid mucopolysaccharides

  1. used in aq form:


Picric Acid
1. for embryos and pituitary biopsies
- components
2. for glycogen
- components

A

Lead Fixatives
1. 4%


Picric Acid
1. Bouin’s Solution
- Picric Acid + F + Gl. Acetic Acid
2. Brasil’s Alcoholic Picroformol Fixative
- Picric Acid + F + EA + TCA

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13
Q

Alcohol Fixatives
1. for glycogen: preserves but does not fix glycogen granules
2. for dry & wet smears, blood and bone marrow samples
3. for touch preparations
4. for chromosomes, lymph glands, urgent biopsies and brain fixation
for rabies diagnosis
- components
5. for mucopolysaccharides & nuclear proteins
6. for glycogen
may be though

A
  1. 95% Ethanol
  2. 100% Methanol
  3. 95% Isopropyl Alcohol
  4. Carnoy’s Fluid
    - Abs. Alcohol + Chloroform + Gl. Acetic Acid
  5. Newcomer’s
  6. Gendre’s Fixative
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14
Q

Other Fixatives

  1. for nuclear structures/ nucleoproteins
  2. for dense fibrous tissues
  3. for brain fixation for rabies diagnosis and water-diffusible enzymes
    - use at cold temp (___ to ___)
    - acts like ___ & ____
A
  1. Glacial Acetic Acid
  2. Trichloroacetic Acid
  3. Acetone
    - (-5 to 40C)
    - alcohol and dehydrant coagulate
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15
Q

Washing-Out: Removal of Excess Fixative

  1. tap water
  2. 50-70% alcohol
  3. alcoholic iodide
A
  1. chromates (Helly’s, Zenker’s
    & Flemming’s), formalin, osmic acid
  2. picric acid (bouin’s solution)
  3. mercuric fixatives
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16
Q

FREEZE DRYING
1. tissue plunged in isopentane/ propane-
isopentane
- temp
2. removal of tiny ice crystals by sublimation in a
vacuum
- temp

FREEZE SUBSTITUTION
1. fixed in
2. dehydrate

A
  1. Rapid Freezing
    - (-160 to -180C)
  2. Desiccation
    - (-30 to -40C)

FREEZE SUBSTITUTION
1. rossman’s fluid/ 1% acetone
2. abs. alcohol