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Histopath lect > Staining > Flashcards

Staining Flashcards

1
Q

to study the architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics and structural relationships

A

staining/dyeing

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2
Q

staining is made possible through ___

A

capillary osmosis, solubility, absorption, and adsorption of stains or dyes by tissues

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3
Q

PRINCIPLE OF STAINING

Alkaline structures (__) are stained by __ (Eosin cystoplasm is stained __),

**Acidic structures **(nucleus) are stained by ___ (hematoxylin; nucleus is stained __)

A

Alkaline structures (cytoplasm) are stained by acidic stains (Eosin cystoplasm is stained red),

Acidic structures (nucleus) are stained by alkaline/basic stains (hematoxylin; nucleus is stained blue)

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4
Q

main function of staining

A

to enhance the visualization of cells and certain cellular component

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5
Q

histological staining is for?

A

microanatomical staining, bacterial staining, and specific staining for tissues (muscles, connective, neurologic stains)

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6
Q

used to demonstrate the general relationship of tissues and cells with differentiation of nucleus and cytoplasm

A

histological staining

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7
Q

provides emphasis for the specification and identification of muscles, connective tissues, and neurologic stains

A

histological staining

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8
Q

constituents of tissues are studied thru chemical reactions

A

histochemical staining

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9
Q

enumerate examples of histochemical staining and what method is associated with this staining?

A
  • Perl’s Prussian Blue
  • Periodic Acid Schiff

SPECIFIC STAINING

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10
Q

Perl’s Prussian blue stains for __ which demonstrates ___.

A

stains hemoglobin which demonstrates ferric iron in tissues

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11
Q

Periodic Acid Schiff stains?

A

carbohydrates

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12
Q

this staining allows phenotypic markers to be detected and demonstrated using a wide range of monoclonal, fluorescent labeled or ___

A

immunohistochemical staining

enzyme-labeled antibodies

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13
Q

enumerate the methods of staining

A
  • specific
  • simple/direct
  • indirect
  • progressive
  • regressive
  • metachromatic
  • counter staining
  • vital staining
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14
Q

accomplished by controlled, specific chemical reactions designed to give final color (staining) at the site/location of the structure of the substances in the cells or tissues

A

specific staining

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15
Q

specific staining is the basis of?

A

histochemistry

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16
Q

Perl’s prussian blue would give specificity/enhance and demonstrate the ___

A

hemosiderin granules

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17
Q

Periodic acid schiff technique would give specificity/enhance and demonstrate the ___

A

polysaccharides

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18
Q

simple/direct staining is the staining of tissue by means of ___ of the dye

A

simple alcoholic/aqueous solution of the dye

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19
Q

in this method of staining, the action of the dye is intensified by some other reagent

A

indirect staining

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19
Q

give an examples of simple staining

A

methylene blue and eosin

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20
Q

why it is called indirect staining?

A

because it still need mordant and accentuator

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21
Q

substance which when taken up by the tissue, helps make the in return serving as a link or bridge to make the staining reaction possible

A

mordant

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22
Q

mordant combines with a dye forming a colored __ which combines with tissue to form an insoluble ____

A

lake which combines with tissue to form an insoluble tissue-mordant-dye complex

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23
Q

an integral part of the staining reaction itself

A

mordant

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24
Q

this does not participate but merely increases or heightens the color intensity, selectivity and crispness of the stain

A

accentuator

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25
Q

what is the difference between mordant and accentuator

A

accentuator do not bind or link the tissue to the dye rather it just increases or heightens the color intensity, selectivity, and crispness of the stain

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26
Q

enumerate the examples of a mordant

A
  • Potassium Alum with Hematoxylin in Ehrlich’s hematoxylin
  • Iron in Weigert’s hematoxylin
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27
Q

enumerate the examples of accentuator

A
  • Potassium hydroxide (KOH) in Loeffler’s Methylene blue
  • Phenol in carbo thionine and carbol fuchsin
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28
Q

mordant and accentuator is related to what method?

A

indirect staining method

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29
Q

staining is continued in a definite sequence until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue elements is attained

A

progressive staining

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30
Q

no washing/differentiation/decolorization in between is required solely relies on the selective affinity of dyes for different cellular elements, what method of staining?`

A

progressive staining

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31
Q

t or f: in regressive staining, any staining is possible as long as no differentiation is done

A

false, progressive staining

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32
Q

in this method, the tissues are overstained and the excess dye is then removed until the desired intensity is obtained

A

regressive staining

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33
Q

principle/s of regressive staining

A
  • overstaining
  • washing/differentiation/decolorization
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34
Q

the selective removal of excess stain from tissue in regressive staining

A

washing/differentiation/decolorization

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35
Q

enumerate the examples of regressive staining

A

acid fast and gram staining

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36
Q

t or f: progressive staining requires differentiation in a dilute acid alcohol

A

false, does NOT require

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37
Q

which is more hematoxylin concentrated? progressive or regressive?

A

regressive

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38
Q

metachromatic staining is also known as

A

metachromasia

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39
Q

use of the specific dyes that stains tissues with a color that is different from that of the stain color itself

A

metachromatic staining

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40
Q

metachromatic staining is particularly employed for staining of?

A

cartilage, epithelial mucins, connective tissues, amyloid, mast cell granules

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41
Q

metachromatic dye are the basic dyes belonging to ___

A

Thizine and Triphenylmethane groups

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42
Q

enumerate the examples of metachromatic

A

cresyl blue for reticulocytes

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43
Q

application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the staining

A

counterstaining

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44
Q

eosin is an example of counterstaining for the __

A

cytoplasm

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45
Q

selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by the ___ of the dye particle

A

vital staining - phagocytosis

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46
Q

vital stain of reticuloendothelial system

A

trypan blue

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47
Q

demonstration of nuclear structures during vital staining suggests __ of the membrane by the dye, signifying the death of the cell

A

suggest permeability
vital staining

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48
Q

true vital (intravital) staining of mitochondria

A

Janus Green B

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49
Q

intravital staining is done by injecting the dye into ____ producing specific coloration of certain cells

A

intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous

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50
Q

enumerate the examples of intravital staining

A

lithium, india ink, carmine

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51
Q

used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body

A

supravital staining

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52
Q

best supravital dye

A

neutral red

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53
Q

metallic impregnation has its greatest application in tissue from ___ and for the demonstration of __

A

CNS and for the demonstration of reticulin

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54
Q

this consists of an opaque black particular precipitate

A

metallic impregnation

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55
Q

most commonly used agent for impregnation

A

silver nitrate

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56
Q

used for demonstration of lipids

A

osmium tetroxide

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57
Q

enumerate the natural dyes

A

SHOC - Saffron, Hematoxylin, Orcein, Cochineal

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58
Q

natural dyes are obtained from?

A

plants and animals

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59
Q

most commonly used for routine histologic studies

A

hematoxylin

60
Q

A vegetable dye extracted from lichens which are
normally colorless, but when treated with ammonia and
expose to air, produce blue or violet color

A

orcein

61
Q

used for staining Elastic fibers

A

orcein

62
Q

An old histologic dye extracted from the female cochineal bug (coccus cacti)

A

cochineal

63
Q

A plant with orange stigmas yielding a dye

A

saffron

64
Q

synthetic dyes are also known as __

A

coal tar dyes

65
Q

synthetic dyes are derived from the ___ and are collectively known as __

A

hydrocarbon benzene and are collectively known as aniline dyes

66
Q

a synthetic dye should consist these two substances, enumerate.

A

chromophores and auxochromes

67
Q

Substances capable of producing visible colors, also known as “color-bearers” in greek

A

chromophores

68
Q

Substances which impart to the compound property of electrolytic dissociation, thereby altering the shade of the dye, giving it the property
of forming salts with another compound and ultimately retaining its color, this is also known as “color-increaser”

A

auxochromes

69
Q

Natural dye that is extracted from the core of heartwood of the tree Haematoxylon campechianum

A

hematoxylin

70
Q

formed by oxidation of Hematoxylin

A

hematin

71
Q

this is done by exposing the substance to air and
sunlight, thereby oxidizing hematoxylin

A

ripening

72
Q

The complex of stain and mordant in hematoxylin is called a

A

“lake”

73
Q

Most commonly used mordant. Gives a blue lake appearance. This increase the selectivity for nuclei, especially if acid is added or is used as a differentiating agent

A

aluminum

74
Q

enumerate the mordants of hematoxylin

A

aluminum, chromium, iron, copper, tungsten/phosphotungstic acid, ferric salt

75
Q

this causes an intense blue-black appearance when used
as a mordant

A

ferric salt

76
Q

most commonly used eosin

A

eosin Y

77
Q

A red acid dye used for cytoplasm differentially. Commonly used as a background or contrast stain
because it gives a leasing and useful contrast to nuclear stains such as hematoxylin

A

eosin

78
Q

H&E STAINING COLOR REACTION

cytoplasm and proteins in edema fluid

A

pale pink

79
Q

H&E STAINING COLOR REACTION

decalcified bone, osteoid, cartilage

A

pink

80
Q

H&E STAINING COLOR REACTION

muscle fiber

A

deep pink

81
Q

H&E STAINING COLOR REACTION

karyosome

A

dark blue

82
Q

H&E STAINING COLOR REACTION

cartilage

A

light blue to dark blue

83
Q

H&E STAINING COLOR REACTION

RBC, Eosinophil granules, keratin

A

bright orange to red

84
Q

H&E STAINING COLOR REACTION

calcium and calcified bone

A

purplish blue

84
Q

H&E STAINING COLOR REACTION

plasma cells, osteoblast, basophilic cytoplasm

A

purplish pink

84
Q

H&E STAINING COLOR REACTION

nucleus

A

blue to blue black

85
Q

specialized fixative used in frozen section which serves to localize antigens and hydrolytic enzymes

A

formol calcium

86
Q

formol calcium is also used for?

A

preservation of lipids

87
Q

what makes it different from H&E from the modified H&E technique?

A

they are similar but the differentiation stage is omitted, it is a progressive form of staining

88
Q

enumerate the 3 stains of papanicolaou stain

A
  • hematoxylin
  • OG-6 (orange green)
  • eosin azure
89
Q

enumerate the composition of eosin azure

A
  • eosin
  • bismarck brown
  • lithium carbonate
  • PTA
  • light green stain (36, 50, 65)
90
Q
A
91
Q

hematoxylin in papanicolaou is for staining?

A

nuclear structures

92
Q

OG-6 (orange green) is for staining?

A

cytoplasm of mature cells

92
Q

eosin azure is for staining?

A

cytoplasm of immature cells

93
Q

what is omitted in the modified pap’s stain?

A

bismarck brown in the eosin azure

94
Q

Van Gieson’s is a mixture of __ for the demonstration of ___

A

mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin for the demonstration of connective tissues, mucin and elastic tissue

95
Q

in ___, basic acridine fluorochrome permits discrimination between ____ giving ___ for DNA

A

acridine orange

discrimination between dead and living cells giving GREEN fluorescence for DNA

96
Q

for calcium salts and phosphate activity

A

acridine red 3B

97
Q

alcian blue stain ___, it is more specific for ____

A

stain acid mucopolysaccharides, it is more specific for connective tissue and epithelial mucin

98
Q

enumerate the basic fuchsin

A

Carbol fuchsin, Coleman’s Feulgen, Schiff’s, Mallory’s fuchsin, Aldehyde fuchsin (Gomori)

99
Q

a plasma stain utilized also for deep staining of acid fast organisms mitochondria, and differentiation of smooth muscles with the use of ___

A

basic fuchsin

use of picric acid

100
Q

used for staining hemoglobin

A

benzidine

101
Q

used for staining ___, used for contrast stain for Gram’s technique, acid fast, and Papanicolau method

A

Bizmarck brown

used for staining diptheria

102
Q

used as a chromatin stain for fresh materials in smear preparations

A

carmine

103
Q

best carmine is?

A

combined with aluminum chloride to stain glycogen

104
Q

a mordanted dye acting as a basic dye and staining acid substances

A

Mayer’s Carmalum solution

105
Q

recommended for routine staining of fixed sections

A

celestine blue

106
Q

___ best known as indicator utilized as a stain for ____ in embryos. used for staining ___, ____, and ___ (Krajian’s method)

A

congo red utilized as a stain for AXIS CYLINDERS in embryos. used for staining ELASTIC TISSUES, AMYLOID, AND MYELIN (Krajian’s method)

107
Q

a nuclear or chromatic stain used for staining amyloid in frozen sections and platelets

A

crystal violet

108
Q

gentian violet is a mixture of?

A

crystal violet, methyl violet, and dextrin

109
Q

used for staining blood to differentiate leukocytes

A

giemsa

110
Q

composition and purpose of gold sublimate

A

made up of gold chloride and mercuric chloride, used for metallic impregnation

111
Q

the oldest of all stains

A

gram’s and lugol’s iodine

112
Q

gram’s/lugol’s iodine stains __

A

amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotenes, and glycogen

113
Q

purpose of malachite green

A
  • staining ascaris eggs and erythrocytes
  • used as a bacterial spore stain
114
Q

stains chromatin green in the presence of an acid

A

methyl green

115
Q

purpose of methylene blue

A
  • for plasma cells,
  • fresh sputum for malignant cells
  • evaluation and differentiation of bacterial organisms
  • for diptheria diagnosis
  • nervous tissue vital staining
116
Q

methylene violet, coloring nuclei of leukocytes ___ in presence of ___

A

reddish purple in presence of methylene blue

117
Q

used for observing cell granules and vacuoles of phagocytic cell

A

neutral red

118
Q

substitute for carbol fuchsin in acid fast staining

A

night blue

119
Q

for dermatological studies

A

orcein

120
Q

orcein is an excellent stain for ___ which demonstrates the finest and most delicate _____

A

for elastic fibers which demonstrates the finest and most delicate fiber skin

121
Q

osmium tetroxide used as a fixative used to stain __

A

fat

122
Q

normally utilized for the manufacture of paints used as microanatomical contrast stain for demonstration for the circulatory system by injection (intravital staining)

A

prussian blue

123
Q

___ used with osmic acid to fix and stain blood and granular tissue

A

rhodamine B

124
Q

used in identification of spirochetes, reticulum, and other fiber stains

A

silver nitrate

125
Q

recommended for staining Nissl granules or chromophilic bodies; nuclear stain for fixed tissues

A

toluidine blue

126
Q

toluidine blue is used as a substitute for ___ in fresh tissue sections

A

thionine

127
Q

used for demonstration of neuroglia in frozen section

A

victoria blue

128
Q

enumerate the cytoplasmic counterstains: RED

A

eosin Y, eosin B, phloxine B, rose bengal

129
Q

enumerate the cytoplasmic counterstains: YELLOW

A

picric acid and Orange G

130
Q

enumerate the cytoplasmic counterstains: GREEN

A

light green SF and lissamine green

131
Q

enumerate the nuclear counterstains: RED

A

neutral red, safranin, carmine

132
Q

enumerate the nuclear counterstains: BLUE

A

methylene blue, tuluidine blue, celestine blue, hematoxylin

133
Q

enumerate the lysochrome or the oil soluble dyes

A
  • Sudan black B
  • Sudan IV or Sharlach R
  • Sudan III
134
Q

this lysochrome has greater affinity for phospholipids or neutral fats (triglycerides) which is more sensitive coloring agent than other lysosomes

A

Sudan Black B

135
Q

this lysochrome demonstrates lipids that are resistant to paraffin embedding

A

Sudan Black B

136
Q

T or F: Sudan IV should be discarded if the brownish black color appeared

A

false, Sudan Black B

137
Q

this lysochrome is recommended for neutral fats like triglycerides

A

Sudan IV/Sharlach R

138
Q

T or F: Sudan IV do not color phospholipids and fine lipid droplets

A

true

139
Q

the first Sudan Dye introduced into Histochemistry, fat soluble

A

Sudan III

140
Q

T or F: Sudan Black B is a good stain for CNS

A

false, Sudan III

141
Q

this is spread thinly and evenly on a clean grease-free glass slide which is then gently approximated to the end of the ribbon and drawn upwards in a near vertical motion

A

adhesives

142
Q

enumerate the most commonly used adhesives (8)

A
  • Mayer’s egg albumin
  • Dried albumin
  • 1% gelatin
  • Gelatin
  • Starch paste
  • Plasma
  • Poly-L-cysteine
  • 3-APES (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane)
143
Q
A
144
Q
A

Histopath lect (10 decks)

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