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Histopath lect > Fixation and Fixatives > Flashcards

Fixation and Fixatives Flashcards

1
Q

fixation prevents?

A

degeneration, putrefaction, distortion, decomposition

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2
Q

defined the 2 basic mechanisms in fixation

A

ADDITIVE
- becomes part of the tissue by forming cross-links
- formalin, osmium tetroxide, mercury
NON-ADDITIVE
- not incorporated and stabilizes the tissue by removing tissue composition
- alcoholic fixatives

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2
Q

wrong fixation is?

A

irreversible

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3
Q

enumerate the main factors of fixations

A
  • hydrogen ion concentration
  • temperature
  • thickness
  • osmolality
  • concentration
  • duration of fixation
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4
Q

required temp for:
tissue processors -
electron M -
formalin -
tissues w/ TB -

A

tissue processors - 40C
electron M - 0-4C
formalin - 60C
tissues w/ TB - 100C

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5
Q

osmolality requirement

A

slightly hypertonic

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6
Q

concentration of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde

A

formaldehyde 10%
glutaraldehyde 3%

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7
Q

duration of fixation for buffered formalin

A

2-6 hours

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8
Q

formalin can be washed out after fixation for?

A

24 hours

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9
Q

prolonged fixation may __ the tissues

A

shrinkage and hardening

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10
Q

volume of tissues

A

20x is the effective

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11
Q

enumerate the types of fixation accrdng to action and composition

A

simple and compound

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12
Q

SIMPLE FIXATIVES

A
  • aldehyde
  • metallic
  • chromic acid
  • lead fixatives
  • picric acid
  • acetic acid
  • acetone
  • alcohol
  • osmium tetroxide
  • heat
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13
Q

enumerate the metallic fixatives

A
  • potassium dichromate
  • mercuric chloride
  • chromate
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14
Q

Carnoy’s fluid is composed of

A

glacial acetic acid, alcohol, chloroform

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15
Q

Susa’s fluid is composed of

A

mercuric chloride, sodium chloride, glacial acetic acid, and formaldehyde

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16
Q

permit the general microscopic study of tissue structures

A

microanatomical fixatives

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17
Q

preserve specific parts of particular microscopic elements and its ph. enumerate the fixatives.

A

cytological fixatives
- flemming’s w/out acetic acid
- orth’s fluid
- regaud
- kelly’s fluid

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18
Q

fixative that preserve nuclear structures and its pH. enumerate the 5.

A

nuclear fixatives = <4.6
- flemming’s
- carnoy
- bouin
- newcomer’s
- heidenhain susa

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19
Q

preserve cytoplasmic structures in lysosomes, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, and smooth and rough ER

A

cytoplasmic fixatives

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20
Q

fixative that uses ethanol and acetone which give best quantitative results using frozen tissues

A

precipitant fixatives

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21
Q

enumerate the histochemical fixatives

A
  • formol salin 10%
  • absolute ethyl alcohol
  • acetone
  • newcomer’s fluid
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22
Q

fixative for lipid preservation in cryostat sections

A

mercuric chloride and potassium dichromate

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23
Q

fixative used for phospholipids which contain amino acids

A

aldehyde

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24
Q

fixative for cholesterol for ultrastructural demonstration

A

digitonin

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25
Q

fixative for glycogen fixation

A

alcoholic fixatives

26
Q

fixative for human skin

A

alcoholic formaldehyde

27
Q

most commonly used fixative for amino acid histochemistry

A

neutral buffered formol saline or fomaldehyde vapor

28
Q

fixative for preserving glycogen

A

Rossman’s fluid or cold absolute alcohol

29
Q

can enhance better retention of glycogen

A

celloidin coating

30
Q

used for improving the ultrastructural demonstration of lipids

A

imidazole osmium tetroide

31
Q

fixative useful for electron cytochemistry

A

Karnovsky paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde

32
Q

mixture with glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde useful for immersion fixation of surgical biopsies

A

acrolein

33
Q

dilution ratio to make 10%

A

1:20

34
Q

formaldehyde pH

A

7

35
Q

recommended for central nervous tissue and postmortem tissue

A

10% formol saline

36
Q

fixation time of 10% formol saline

A

24 hrs at 35C or 48hrs at 20-25

37
Q

fixation time for 10% buffered formalin

A

4-24 hrs

38
Q

recommended for post-mortem tissues and fixation time

A

formal-corrosive 3-24 hrs

39
Q

composed of 95% ethyl alcohol saturated with picric acid, used for rapid diagnosis and micro-incineration technique

A

alcoholic formalin (genre’s)

40
Q

fixative used to fix sputum

A

alcoholic formalin (genre’s)

41
Q

used to fix small pieces of liver, spleen, connective tissue fibers, and nuclei

A

zenker’s fluid

42
Q

fixation time of zenker’s

A

12-24 hrs

43
Q

considered as microanatomical fixative since it used to fix pituitary gland, bone marrow, and blood containing organs such as spleen and liver

A

zenker-formol (helly’s solution)

44
Q

main fixative for tumor biopsies especially in the skin, what is the fixation time

A

heidenhain’s susa 3-12 hrs

45
Q

mainly used for bone marrow biopsies and the fixation time is 1-3 hrs

A

Lillie’s B5

46
Q

used in 3% aqueous solution which preserves lipid and mitochondria

A

potassium dichromate

47
Q

fixative recommended for demonstration of chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, golgi bodies, BC, and colloid containing tissues. the fixation time is 12-48 hrs.

A

regaud’s (muller) fluid

48
Q

used for early degenerative process and tissue necrosis. it also demonstrates rickettsia and other bacteria that preserves myelin better. what is also the fixation time

A

orth’s fluid
36-72 hrs

49
Q

recommended for acid mucopolysaccharides that fixes connective tissue mucin

A

lead fixative

50
Q

a stable fixative that dyes tissues producing yellow color and excellent for glycogen demonstration

A

picric acid

51
Q

recommended fixation for embryos and pituitary biopsies. what is the fixation time?

A

bouin’s solution
6-24 hrs

52
Q

fixes and precipitates chromosomes and chromatin materials

A

glacial acetic acid

53
Q

excellent for fixing dry and wet specimens, blood smears, and bone marrow tissues

A

methyl alcohol

54
Q

used for fixing touch preparation

A

isopropyl alcohol

55
Q

the most rapid fixatives that is recommended for fixing chromosomes, lymph glands, and urgen biopsies

A

carnoy’s fluid

56
Q

used to fix brain tissue for diagnosis of rabies and the fixation time is 1-3 hrs

A

carnoy’s fluid

57
Q

recommended for fixing mucopolysaccharides and nuclear proteins

A

newcomer’s fluid

58
Q

most common chrome-osmium acetic acid fixative used to fix nuclear structures and the fixation time is 24-48 hrs

A

flemming’s solution

59
Q

recommended for study of water diffusable enzymes especially phosphatase and lipases

A

acetone

60
Q

removes excess chromates, formalin, and osmic acid

A

tap water

61
Q

wash out excess amount of bouin’s solution

A

50-70% alcohol

62
Q

used to remove excessive mercuric fixatives

A

alcoholic iodine

63
Q

factors affecting which slows down the fixation

A
  • size and thickness
  • presence of mucus
  • presence of fat
  • presence of blood
  • cold temp

Histopath lect (10 decks)

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