stages of learning Flashcards
In each theory, stages are based on ___
Changing characteristics of the learner
Movement from one stage to the next dependent on number of practice trials
Fitts and Posner stages of motor learning
- cognitive
- associatie
- autonomous
Stage 1 - cognitive
learner is inconsistent
develop understanding of task
verbal motor stage
what to focus on during stage 1 - cognitive
focus attention on task & environment, feedback & how to evaluate the environment
Stage 2 - associative
Variability in performance declines
Learner able to detect and correct some errors
Motor stage
Stage 3 - Autonomous
Appears after months or years of practice
Skill is automatic
Able to perform other tasks with little interference
Allows performer to strategize
Veriken & Newel stages of motor learning
emphasize controlling degrees of freedom
stage 1 - novel
stage 2 - advanced
stage 3 - expert
stage 1 - novel
Movement is simplified
Movements are inefficient and inflexible
stage 2 - advanced
Degrees of freedom are released
Co-contraction evolves into a clear pattern of agonist action with absence of antagonistic activity (disappears)
stage 3 - expert
All degrees of freedom released
Uses mechanical advantage
- Demonstrate efficiency
- Increases speed
- Decreases energy costs
gentile’s stages
based on learner’s goals and type of skill to be learned
early practice
late practice
early practice
learning task dynamic
late practice
fixation or diversification
task dynamic stage
Learner’s goal is to:
- understand the task
- to develop movement strategies
- understand how the environment influences task
fixation
related to progress closed skills
