practice

Question 1

important concepts for learning

Answer 1

• needs to understand task
• need feedback
• need practice
• need motivation
• need to be challenged (error detection, variable conditions)

Question 2

specificity of practice

Answer 2

task
environmental
generalizability

Question 3

task specificity of practice

Answer 3

practice results in learning about specific motor task

Question 4

environmental specificity of practice

Answer 4

practice results in learning how to interact with the environment

Question 5

generalizability

Answer 5

practice variability

Question 6

regulatory constraints on environment

Answer 6

features in the environment that shape movement patterns

height of chair/ shape or size of object

Question 7

non-regulatory constraint on environment

Answer 7

features in the environment that movement does not need to conform to (color, noise, light)

Question 8

open task variability

Answer 8

environment is unpredictable

changes between each execution

Question 9

closed task variability

Answer 9

environment is predictable

Question 10

ways to categorize task

Answer 10

discrete
continuous
serial 
gross motor 
fine motor

Question 11

physical practice

Answer 11

effectively designed and challenging practice leads to learning

Question 12

why does practice need to be challenging?

Answer 12

leads to the neural changes that underlie learning

Question 13

types of physical practice

Answer 13

simulators
part vs. whole practice 
slow motion practice
error detection practice
guidance

Question 14

simulators

Answer 14

virtual reality

goal: transfer learning to the target skill ASAP

Question 15

part practice

Answer 15

Complex skills with multiple movement segments

• Break task down into component parts
• Practice components
• Put task back together

Question 16

types of part practice

Answer 16

fractionalization
progress part practice
simplification

Question 17

fractionalization

Answer 17

parts of skill are practiced separately

Question 18

progress part practice

Answer 18

One part is practiced until mastered

A second part is added & practiced together w/ the first part

Additional parts are added until all parts are included

After each part is learned, the complete skill is learned

Question 19

simplification

Answer 19

simplifying some aspect of target skill by using

• slow motion practice
• oversized targets
• less stringent rules

Question 20

slow motion practice

Answer 20

May help form general motor program if speed is a parameter that is controlled within the program

Question 21

error detection practice

Answer 21

Focusing on feedback from errors and correct performance

teach and then ask the learner to describe feedback once the task is complete

Question 22

guidance

Answer 22

externally assist an individual through a task

Question 23

mental practice

Answer 23

Cognitive rehearsal of physical skill in the absence of overt physical movements

Question 24

mental rehearsal technique

Answer 24

Mental imagery = imagining performance either as the performer or as an observer

Question 25

mass practice

Answer 25

practice without rest intervals

Question 26

continuous skills and discrete skills effect on mass practice

Answer 26

continuous - performance suffers but learning continues

discrete - better to learn under this condition

Question 27

distributed practice

Answer 27

practice with rest

Question 28

constant practice

Answer 28

no intertrial variability

Question 29

variable practice

Answer 29

• variable in each trial
• framework for building motor schema
• allows for error and error detections

Question 30

what theory is variable practice integrated with

Answer 30

dynamic action theory

Question 31

blocked practice

Answer 31

Repeated trials of one task, followed by repeated trials of second task, followed by repeated trials of third task…

Early in acquisition

But less learning in retention and transfer

Question 32

random practice

Answer 32

Performing different tasks on each successive practice trial in a random order

May show slower in early acquisition

But will show better retention and transfer

Question 33

why is random practice better

Answer 33

elaboration hypothesis and forgetting hypothesis

Question 34

elaboration hypothesis

Answer 34

When switching from one task to another, learner discovers the distinctiveness of each task

This produces more distinctive and lasting long-term memories of the task

Question 35

forgetting hypothesis

Answer 35

Between task learners forget what they did on the prior task and have to start planning in a new when asked to attempt it again

Because of this explanation, random practice is also retrieval practice (retrieving the motor plans for the task)