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Motor Control & Learning Exam 2 > Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

use it or lose it

A

failure to drive specific brain functions can lead to functional degradation

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2
Q

use it and improve it

A

training that drives specific brain function can lead to enhancement of that function

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3
Q

Specificity

A

the nature of training experience dictates the nature of plasticity

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4
Q

Repetition Matters

A

induction of plasticity requires sufficient repetitions

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5
Q

intensity matters

A

induction of plasticity requires sufficient training intensity

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6
Q

time matters

A

different forms of plasticity occur at different times during training

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7
Q

salience matters

A

the training experience must be sufficiently salient (be important) to induce plasticity

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8
Q

Age matters

A

training-induced plasticity occurs more readily in younger brains

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9
Q

transference

A

plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance the acquisition of similar behaviors

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10
Q

interferences

A

plasticity in response to one experience can interfere with acquisition of other behaviors

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11
Q

plasticity occurrences in nervous system

A
  • neurodevelopment (childhood)
  • learning (adult)
  • recovering from injury
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12
Q

two forms of long-term memory

A

explicit and implicit

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13
Q

explicit

A

facts and events

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14
Q

implicit

A

emotional response, skeletal musculature, and cerebellum.

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15
Q

what happens to Non-declarative learning an individual with severe deficits in declarative learning

A
  • can’t make any new memories
  • ability to improve on simple motor task
  • looking into mirror trying to draw star (backwards)
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16
Q

neuroplasticity

A

ability for nervous system to change and adapt

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17
Q

Neuroplasticity changes in physiology

A

changes in nerve threshold, conduction velocity, and synpatic efficiency

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18
Q

Neuroplasticity in anatomical morphology

A

changes in structure & connectivity

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19
Q

Neuroplasticity changes in behavior

A

learning or recovery of function

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20
Q

Measuring Neuroplasticity: Synaptic efficiency

A
  • pre & post synaptic changes (changes type and number of receptos)
  • long term potentiation
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21
Q

Measuring Neuroplasticity: neuronal morphology

A

increase in dendritic spines post learning

22
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Use of magnetic filed to track neuronal activity

23
Q

Position emission tomography (PET)

A

Radioisotopes used to track metabolic activity

24
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

Tracking oxygenated blood flow in the brain

25
Q

changes in neural activity in fMR =

A

changes in blood flow

26
Q

development of plasticity

A
  • genesis of neurons
  • genesis of connections
  • elimination of cells and synapses
  • activity-dependent synaptic rearrangement
27
Q

activity dependent synaptic rearrangement

A
  • synaptic segregation
  • synaptic convergence
  • synaptic competition
  • modulatory influences
28
Q

synaptic segregation

A

critical period

synaptic stabilization

neurons firing together to strengthen function

29
Q

synaptic convergence

A

critical period

visual environment influences development

30
Q

synaptic competition

A

mechanism

inputs compete for synaptic control of postsynaptic neuron

31
Q

modulatory influences

A

mechanism

presence of neuromodulators may promote synaptic alterations (seratonin)

32
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell death that is genetically programmed

competition for trophic factors

33
Q

trophic factors

A

life sustaining nerve growth factor

34
Q

what happens when there is a loss of synapses

A

Ach is release but does not connect to postsynaptic receptor & the neuron will die

35
Q

Differences between developmental and adult plasticity

A

During development –> global and dramatic changes

In adulthood —> changes in synaptic strength

36
Q

global and dramatic changes that occur during development

A

Changes in projections and connectivity

Structural changes

Rapid changes at critical periods

37
Q

changes in synaptic strength that occur during adulthood

A

Cell death
Dendrite arborization
Synaptic rearrangement

38
Q

Shared Mechanisms Between Development and Adult Learning

A

*competition for synaptic sites

In development = survival of connection

In adults = strengthens the synapses

39
Q

Rules of Synaptic Plasticity when presynaptic axon is active & at the same time the postsynaptic neuron is strongly activated under the influences of other inputs

A

the synapse for presynaptic axon is strengthened

Neurons that fire together wire together

40
Q

Rules of Synaptic Plasticity when the presynaptic axon is active & at the same the postsynaptic neuron is weakly activated by other inputs

A

the synapse is weakness

Neurons that fire out of sync lose their link

41
Q

Hebbian learning

A

“when you see a rose, you can smell it”

two stimuli activated at the same time - likely to remember

42
Q

synaptogenesis

A

growth of new synapse connections

43
Q

Long Term Synaptic Potentiation (LTP)

A

increase postsynaptic response & long lasting increase over time

44
Q

molecular changes related to Long Term Synaptic Potentiation (LTP)

A
  • phosphorylation of proteins
  • increase in postsynaptic AMPA receptors
  • NMDA mediated
  • AMPA upregulation
45
Q

Long term depression in cerebellum (LTD)

A

Cerebellum is a comparator in motor control

simple = kinesthetic information 
complex = error signals
46
Q

LTD vs LTP

A

NMDA trigger and Ca+ entry both LTD and LTP

Block NMDA receptors and LTP cannot occur

47
Q

Motor Cortex Contribution to Procedural Learning (stages)

A

Early - decrease in reaction time / increase cortical maps

Middle - recognize sequence is present

Late - learns sequence - cortical maps back to baseline

48
Q

the shift of automatic stage of skill acquisition is associated with

A

reduction in cortical activity

increase activation in subcortical centers

49
Q

Cortex Motor Learning

A

Increase synaptic efficiency between somatosensory and motor cortices

Once learned, somatosensory cortex takes less role in activation of motor cortex

50
Q

memory engrams

A

Widely distributed group of neurons comprising of smaller functional groups

  • Neurons that fire together wire together
  • Neurons that fire out of sync lose their link

Motor Control & Learning Exam 2 (7 decks)

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