STAGES OF INFLAMMATION Flashcards
Stages of Inflammation:
What stage is from injured cells?
VASCULAR RESPONSE
Stages of Inflammation: VASCULAR RESPONSE
Mast cells release ________ and _________ which promotes vasodilation to promote:
a. Increased blood flow causing _______ and _____
b. Increased _______________________
c. Plasma leakage to tissue causing ________ and ________
histamine and prostaglandin
a. calor and rubor
b. capillary permeability
c. tumor and dolor
Stages of Inflammation: CELLULAR RESPONSE (time of response)
1st Neutrophils _______ inflammation
2nd Monocytes and MACs______ Inflammation
APC:
-plasma cells- _________
-memory b cells- _____________________
APC:
Plasma cells: create antibodies
Memory B cells: remember the antigen
Stages of Inflammation: CELLULAR RESPONSE
IL1 (INTERLEUKINE 1)
- causes ________ , increase______________, stimulate __________ to produce IL-2 for _______________________
Fever
Increase APR
Stimulate T cells to produce IL-2 for lymphocyte proliferation
Third Line of Defense: Adaptive Immunity
* Responsible for allowing the body to recognize, remember, and respond to a specific stimulus
known as ___________
Antigen
What line of defense will results in the elimination of microorganism and recovery from disease and the host often acquires a specific immunologic memory which allows the host to respond more effectively if reinfection with the same microorganism occurs.
Third Line of Defense: Adaptive Immunity
Enumerate the cellular components
*T Lymphocyte
* B Lymphocytes
* Plasma cells
Enumerate the humoral components
Antibodies
Cytokines
TRUE OR FALSE:
Innate immunity does not have the capability to do these things
True
2 Types of Immunity:
It has the mechanism where the antibody mediated during the adaptive immunity, the body is already able to produce
an antibody
Humoral-Mediated Immunity
2 Types of Immunity:
What is the cell type for Humoral-Mediated Immunity?
B lymphocytes
2 Types of Immunity:
What is the mode of action for Humoral-Mediated Immunity?
Antibodies in serum
2 Types of Immunity:
It has the purpose for the primary defense against
bacterial infection
Humoral-Mediated Immunity
2 Types of Immunity:
Its mechanism is Cell-Mediated
Cell-Mediated Immunity
2 Types of Immunity:
What is the cell type for Cell-Mediated Immunity?
T-lymphocytes
2 Types of Immunity:
What is the mode of action for Cell-Mediated Immunity?
Direct cell-to-cell contact
or soluble products secreted (such as
cytokines) by cells
2 Types of Immunity: Cell-Mediated Immunity
Purpose: Defense against _____ and _________________,
___________________
(parasites- malaria,
babesia), __________________, and _________________.
Viral, fungal infections, intracellular organism, tumor antigens, and graft rejection
Cell-Mediated Immunity: TRUE OR FALSE
some functions of the CMI under adaptive
immunity is also the same with innate immunity, the action in the CMI Adaptive Immunity is more specific
True
Have barriers, phagocytes, dendritic cells, plasma cells (complement), and NK cells
Innate
Have Naive B cells, Naive T cell
Adaptive
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY:
these are the lymphocytes that did not yet encounter an antigen
Naive B and T cells
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY:
Upon encountering an antigen, they will bind to the antigen and they will form antibodies
Naive T cell
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY:
same concept as the B cells. Once they will encounter an antigen, they will become an effector T cell
Naive T cell
Protection from an infectious disease agent that is mediated by the T or B lymphocyte
following exposure to a specific antigen and it is characterized by immunological memory
Adaptive Immunity
will produce antibodies and recognize via membrane-bound antibodies
B-cells
B-cells:
It can also recognize different chemical structures of different antibodies (_______, _______, or ____________)
proteins, lipids or polysaccharides
B-cells:
1. Will depend on the type of _______ that is being encountered
- The Naive B cells when stimulated by antigens, will become___________ and then they will secrete large amount of antibodies after response.
- ________ will remember the particular antigen, upon exposure, the response now will be faster
- Antigen
- plasma cells
- Memory B cells
T-Cells:
unlike B cells, they can only recognize ______________ that are presented by __________ will present the antigen to the T cells) via molecules
known as _________________________ that is present on the surface of the APC
peptide fragments
APCs (Antigen Presenting Cell)
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
T-cells:
Upon presentation of the APC on a specific antigen that found on the MHC, the Naive T cell will become stimulated and will be able to proliferate into two subsets. What are the 2 subsets for T-cells?
CD4 and CD8
T-cells:
This will secrete soluble molecules which will help the B cells to produce antibodies and activate macrophages
CD4 (T Helper cell)
CD4 is also known as
T Helper cell
T-cells:
This will secrete soluble mediators that will play an important role in killing virus, infection, and tumor cells
CD8 (Cytotoxic T Cell)
CD8 is also known as
Cytotoxic T Cell
TRUE OR FALSE FOR CD8:
After response, T memory cells will also persist remember the particular antigen. Same concept with regard to the memory B cells when it comes to viruses and upon re-exposure again to the particular virus. It will remember it faster and the
reaction of the immune system will also become faster. Thus, the elimination of the antigen is slower
False kasi antigen should be faster :)
Types of Acquired Immunity:
What immunity is where host is responsible for producing the immune response/ antibodies
Active Immunity
Types of Acquired Immunity:
Immunizing agent for active immunity
Antigen
Types of Acquired Immunity:
Relative length of immunity for Active Immunity
Longer / Life long
2 types of acquired immunity are
Active and Passive Immunity
Types of Acquired Immunity:
What type of immunity has its effectiveness is less effective for newborns (very sensitive and
vulnerable) while Effective in adults
Active Immunity
Types of Acquired Immunity:
Function of Active Immunity
More prophylactic (instant protection)
Types of Acquired Immunity:
What type of immunity has an undesirable effect is natural active - experience infection
Active Immunity
Types of Acquired Immunity:
What is the advantage of active immunity?
Long term immunity
Types of Acquired Immunity:
What is the disadvantage of active immunity?
Slow because Ag is detected then Ab is
produced Mainly, active immunity is
more useful when we are going to encounter the 2nd time around the antigen
Types of Acquired Immunity:
What type of immunity has the source where the immunity is derived from another source’s Abs and are passively transferred to the host
Passive Immunity
Types of Acquired Immunity:
What is the immunizing agent for Passive Immunity?
Ig (immunoglobulin), antisera
Types of Acquired Immunity:
What immunity has the relative length of immunity has Transient/ Temporary
Passive Immunity
Types of Acquired Immunity:
chickenpox vaccine possible infection because
the number of antibodies
decrease overtime
Passive Immunity
Types of Acquired Immunity:
chickenpox, those that were affected before
won’t get it again
Active Immunity
Types of Acquired Immunity:
What immunity is more effective for
newborns (breastfeeding is mandated because the
mother can pass it) and Less effective in adults
Passive Immunity
Types of Acquired Immunity:
What is the function of Passive Immunity?
More therapeutic or prophylactic
Types of Acquired Immunity:
What is the undesirable effect of Passive Immunity?
Artificial passive: serum sickness
Types of Acquired Immunity:
What is the advantage of passive immunity?
Immediate reaction and
protection
Types of Acquired Immunity:
What is the disadvantage of passive immunity?
Short term immunity
TRUE OR FALSE:
Active- you made the antigen
Passive- given and long term
FALSE
Active - you made the antibody
Passive - given and short term
you yourself will make antibodies
Active
Active Immunity:
you acquired the infection naturally
Natural
Active Immunity:
Mode of Acquisition of Natural
Acquiring the disease
Ex: chicken pox infection
Active Immunity:
manmade, introduced via vaccines and the body will produce antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
Artificial
Active Immunity:
What is the mode of acquisition for Artificial
Vaccination (WHO, 2017)- give small amount of the
antigen itself but not enough to cause infection
Active Immunity: Artificial
What are the examples of Live attenuated
(LAV)?
BCG (antituberculosis), OPV,
Measles, Rotavirus,
Yellow fever
Active Immunity: Artificial
What type of active immunity is where the antigen is still alive but weakened enough to stimulate
the immune system,
Live Attenuated
Active Immunity: Artificial
Inactivated (killed antigen) is used for ____________ (preventing whooping cough bordetella pertussis), __________________ (injected)
whole cell pertussis and inactivated polio virus
Active Immunity: Artificial
It is used for acellular pertussis, Hib, HepB, Pneumococca
Subunit (purified antigen)
Active Immunity: Artificial
Toxoid (inactivated toxins) is used for? Tetanus and
Diphteria toxoid
Tetanus and Diphteria toxoid
What type of immunity is antibodies are
given to you?
Passive Immunity
Passive Immunity:
the transfer of maternal tetanus antibody, mainly your IgG, across the placenta
Breastmilk contains ___ and ____
Natural
IgA and IgG
Passive Immunity:
It is injected and is the process of obtaining
serum from immune individuals, pooling
monoclonal antibodies, then treating the
immunoglobulin fraction by injection
Artificial
Natural or Artificial for Passive Immunity
Mode of acquisition is through Breastfeeding, vertical transmission (mother to child) through the placenta- the mother is giving her antibodies to the baby
Natural
Passive Immunity:
Natural or Artificial
Mode of acquisition is through HBIG, Rhogam, Anti-rabies and Rhogam is given to an Rh (-) mother when the baby is Rh (+), the mother’s cell will attack the cells of the baby
Artificial
Passive Immunity:
It is given to an Rh (-) mother when the baby is Rh (+), the mother’s cell will attack the cells of the baby
Rhogam
What are the 2 types of immunity?
Adaptive and Innate
also known as non-specific immunity because whatever antigen enters the body, it will only just get attacked
Innate Immunity
has memory and antibodies; more specific
Adaptive Immunity
2 types of Adaptive Immunity
a. Natural:
▪ Passive - _______
▪ Active - _______
b. Artificial
▪ Passive - _______
▪ Active - _______
a. Natural
Passive: maternal
Active: Infection
b. Artificial
Passive: Ab transfer
Active: Immunization
2 types of Adaptive Immunity
a. Natural:
▪ Passive - _______
▪ Active - _______
b. Artificial
▪ Passive - _______
▪ Active - _______
a. Natural
Passive: maternal
Active: Infection
b. Artificial
Passive: Ab transfer
Active: Immunization
2 types of Adaptive Immunity
a. Natural:
▪ Passive - _______
▪ Active - _______
b. Artificial
▪ Passive - _______
▪ Active - _______
a. Natural
Passive: maternal
Active: Infection
b. Artificial
Passive: Ab transfer
Active: Immunization