ANTIGENS & ANTIBODIES Flashcards
1
Q
Macromolecules that is capable triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing formation of antibodies or sensitized T- cells of an immunocompetent host
A
Immunogen
2
Q
Can evoke an immune response
A
Immunogen
3
Q
An immunogen enters the body, the naive T and B cells will be sensitized forming the ________
A
Antibody
4
Q
Substance that reacts with antibody or sensitized T cells but may not evoke an immune response
A
Antigen
5
Q
Can only bind sensitized T cells or antibody, not capable of sensitizing T and B cells (no reaction)
A
Antigen
6
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
If there is a specific antibody present in the body, it will be able to bind with the antigen
A
True
7
Q
Ability to induce a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response
A
Immunogenicity
8
Q
Ability to combine specifically with the final products of the immune response
A
Antigenicity
9
Q
Antigenicity:
Final products- secreted antibodies and/or surface
receptors on _____
A
T-cells
10
Q
Factors Influencing Immune Response: AGE
1. decreased response to antigenic stimulation and they are considered as immunocompromised (weak immune system)
A
Elderly
11
Q
Factors Influencing Immune Response: AGE
Their immune system is not completely developed
A
Neonates
12
Q
Factors Influencing Immune Response: Age NEONATES
a. Pediatricians monitor closely neonates that get sick from _____________
b. Even a simple fever can be fatal
c. Their immune system is not yet capable of defending itself
d. As compared to adults or teens- stronger immunity
A
a. 0-3 months old
13
Q
Factors Influencing Immune Response: Overall-Health
the immune system won’t work well if the body
does not receive the enough nutrition that it needs (especially here in the Philippines and children)
A
Malnutrition
14
Q
What are the Factors Influencing Immune Response?
A
Age
Overall health
Dose
Route of inoculation
Genetic Capacity
15
Q
Factors Influencing Immune Response: DOSE
a. Generally, the larger the amount of an immunogen one is exposed to, the ________ the immune response
b. Exceptions: pathogens that are very _______
c. Some bacteria, even in the slightest exposure or small dose of bacteria, can already illicit an immune response
A
a. greater
b. immunogenic
16
Q
Factors Influencing Immune Response: Route of Inoculation
Into a vein
A
Intravenous
17
Q
Factors Influencing Immune Response: Route of Inoculation
The fastest route of entry of an immunogen because it will enter directly into the bloodstream
A
Intravenous
18
Q
Factors Influencing Immune Response: Route of Inoculation
Into the skin
A
Intradermal
19
Q
Factors Influencing Immune Response: Route of Inoculation
Beneath the skin / tissue
A
Subcutaneous
20
Q
Factors Influencing Immune Response: Route of Inoculation
The route where the immunogen enters the body also determines which cell populations will be involved in the response
A
Oral contact
21
Q
Factors Influencing Immune Response: Route of Inoculation
a. What is the primary organ to fight off the immunogen in Intravenous route?
b. Subcutaneous is in the ___________ (located in the
armpit, neck or groin)
A
a. Spleen
b. local lymph nodes
22
Q
Factors Influencing Immune Response: Genetic Capacity
Linked to _________________________________ and to receptors generated during T and B lymphocyte development
A
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
23
Q
Factors Influencing Immune Response: Genetic Capacity
system of genes that code for cell surface molecules that play an important role in antigen recognition. It has also something to do with transplantation
A
MHC
24
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
greater the molecular weight, the more
potent the molecule to induce an immune response
A
True
25
What are the potent stimulus?
Bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungi
26
These 2 are the best immunogens
Proteins and polysaccharides
27
Less immunogenic
Carbohydrates
28
Least immunogenic
Lipid and nucleic acids
29
must be attached to a carrier particle before being an immunogen
Lipids and nucleic acids
30
may be repeating copies or they may have differing specificity
Epitopes
31
amino acids following one another on a single chain
SEQUENTIAL OR LINEAR EPITOPES
32
results from the folding of one chain or multiple chains, bringing certain amino acids from different segments of a linear sequence or sequences into close proximity with each other so they can be recognized together
CONFORMATIONAL OR DISCONTINUOUS EPITOPE
33
RECOGNITION OF EPITOPES BY B CELLS:
React with both _____ and ______________ present
on the surface of an immunogen
linear and conformational epitopes
34
It is direct and can trigger B cell activation
Recognition of Epitopes by B cells
35
RECOGNITION OF EPITOPES BY T CELLS
Able to recognize an immunogen it must first be degraded into small peptides by a/ an
antigen-presenting cell (APC)
36
RECOGNITION OF EPITOPES BY T CELLS:
Must undergo __________ first
phagocytosis
37
RECOGNITION OF EPITOPES BY T CELLS:
Peptides form a complex with _________ and are carries to the surface of the APC before being recognized by the T cells
MHC proteins
38
Example are dendritic cells
RECOGNITION OF EPITOPES BY T CELLS
39
Small organic compound that are antigenic but not
immunogenic
Haptens
40
HAPTENS:
Capable of reaction with antibody however precipitation or agglutination will not occur
a. reactions that we observe in the serology laboratory indicating an antigen-antibody reaction
a. Precipitation/ agglutination
41
HAPTENS:
Coupling to a carrier: ________________ this complex is considered as an immunogen
hapten- carrier conjugate
42
Haptens will bind to the _______________
B cell receptor
43
form a bridge producing a stronger reaction
Cross-linking
44
He wrote the specificity of serological reactions
KARL LANDSTEINER
45
His contribution is the Study on haptens
KARL LANDSTEINER
46
He Immunized rabbits with haptens attached to a carrier molecule
KARL LANDSTEINER
47
He discovered that antibodies not only recognize chemical features such as polarity, hydrophobicity, and ionic charge, but the overall three-dimensional configuration is also important.
a. Most proteins are three-dimensional- made up of ________ and ___________, making them more
complex in structures and the best immunogen
KARL LANDSTEINER
a. Amino acid and cholesterol
48
He conceptualize the Spatial orientation and chemical complementarity lock and key theory
KARL LANDSTEINER
49
Substances that are administered with an immunogen that increase the immune response in order to provide immunity to a particular disease
Adjuvants
50
Used to make vaccines
Adjuvants
51
ADJUVANTS:
used to complex with the immunogen to increase its size and to prevent a rapid escape from the tissues
Aluminum Salts
52
Effects of Adjuvants:
In terms of its application in vaccines, when
antigen persistence is prolonged so is the
antibodies
Antigen persistence is prolonged
53
Effects of Adjuvants:
The immune system is more alert if the
immunogen is combined with an adjuvant
Co-stimulatory signals are enhanced
54
Effects of Adjuvants:
___________ is increase
Local inflammation
55
Effects of Adjuvants:
Immune system is activated because of the
injection of foreign substance
Non-specific proliferation of lymphocytes is
stimulated (T and B lymphocytes)
56
Antigens that belong to the host
AUTOANTIGENS
57
Do not evoke an immune response under normal
circumstances
Autoantigens
58
From other members of the host’s species
Alloantigens
59
Human to human
Alloantigens
60
Capable of eliciting an immune response
Alloantigens
61
From other species such as other animals, plants or microorganisms
Heteroantigens
62
Either identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one will cross- react with antigen of the other
Heterophile antigens
63
hetereoantigens that exist in unrelated plants or animals
Heterophile antigens
64
Heterophile Antigens:
Blood type A will be mistakenly diagnosed as __________
blood type B- Acquired B phenomenon
65
Heterophile Antigens:
Blood type A contains __________________________
N-acetyl-D galactosaminyl transferase
66
Heterophile Antigens:
Blood type B contains ________________________________
D-galactosyl transferase
67
Glycoproteins that recognize and bind to a particular antigen with very high specificity
Antibodies
68
Made in response to exposure to the antigen
Antibodies
69
Antibodies:
Each antibody has at least two identical sites that bind antigen: Antigen Binding sites (_______) will bind to the paratope (_____________)
Antigen: paratope
Paratope: Antibody
70
Antibodies:
belong to a group of serum proteins called ____________ that proteins in nature
immunoglobulins (Igs)
71
Electrophoresis is at pH 8.6, immunoglobulins appear primarily in the ___________
a. the further away, the _______ one to migrate
o Alpha band- ________ (______)
o Gamma band- __________
Gamma band
a. fastest
b. albumin (fastest)
c. immunoglobulins
72
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
1. Neutralize ____________ (especially those that are produced by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi)
1. toxic substances
73
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
2. Facilitate phagocytosis and kill microbes
a. Some of our immunoglobulins can act as an __________ can coat the antigen so the phagocytes can readily recognize that there is an antigen present
a. opsonin
74
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
3. Combine with antigens on cellular surfaces and thereby cause the destruction of these cells either extravascular (outside the blood vessels within the mononuclear- phagocyte system, also known as ______________ or intravascularly (within blood vessels through the action of complement)
a. RES- _______ is the primarily organ where the antigens are destroyed
b. Once the immunoglobulins will bind to the _______, the complement is now activated to kill the particular antigen
Reticular endothelial system (RES)
a. spleen
b. antigen
75
Theories of Antibody Diversity:
Paul Ehrlich postulated that certain cells had specific surface receptors for antigen
EHRLICH’S SIDE-CHAIN THEORY (SPECIFIC RECEPTOR)
76
Theories of Antibody Diversity:
Occurred once antigen was introduced, it would select the cell with proper receptor, combination would take place and receptors would break off and enter the circulation as antibody molecules
EHRLICH’S SIDE-CHAIN THEORY (SPECIFIC RECEPTOR)
77
Theories of Antibody Diversity:
New receptors would form in place of those broken off and enter the circulation as antibody molecules
EHRLICH’S SIDE-CHAIN THEORY (SPECIFIC RECEPTOR)
78
Theories of Antibody Diversity:
TEMPLATE THEORY (GENERAL RECEPTOR) was developed by
Felix Haurowitz
79
Theories of Antibody Diversity:
Antibody producing cells are capable of synthesizing a generalized type of antibody and when contact with an antigen occurs, the antigen serves as a mold or template and alters protein synthesis so hat antibody with specific fits is made
TEMPLATE THEORY (GENERAL RECEPTOR)
80
Theories of Antibody Diversity:
This now specific antibody enters the circulation, while the antigen remains behind to direct further synthesis or degradation to make more antibodies
TEMPLATE THEORY (GENERAL RECEPTOR)
81
Theories of Antibody Diversity:
Most accepted theory for antibody diversity
CLONAL SELECTION
82
Theories of Antibody Diversity: Clonal Selection
__________ and __________ independently supported the idea of clonal selection process for antibody formation
Niels Jerne and Mcfarlane Burnet
83
Theories of Antibody Diversity:
The key premise is that individual lymphocytes are
genetically programmed to produce one type of
immunoglobulin and that a specific antigen finds or selects those particular cells capable of responding to it, causing to proliferate
Clonal Selection
84
Theories of Antibody Diversity: Clonal Selection
a. The antigen will select the B cells for activation from a population of cells that is pre-committed to produce a specific antibody (_______)
b. B-cells (Plasma cells) produce the _________
c. Antibody forming cells are ________ and express cell surface receptors that is capable of binding foreign antigens
a. Naive B cells
b. antibody
c. monospecific
85
Basic Structure of an Antibody:
Consists of how many polypeptide chains?
4 polypeptide chains
86
Basic Structure of an Antibody:
Subdivided into ______ chain (_____ chain) and ______ chain (L chain)
2 Heavy chain - large chain
2 light chain - L chain
87
Basic Structure of an Antibody:
These two worked on Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter
88
Basic Structure of an Antibody:
A flexible Y-shaped molecule with four protein chains
Monomer
89
Basic Structure of an Antibody: MONOMER
a. 2 identical light chains - _______ or ______ chain
b. 2 identical heavy chains- depends on the
_________ (specific and it will determine the
class of immunoglobulin)
a. Kappa or Lambda chain
b. immunoglobulin
90
Basic Structure of an Antibody: Variable Region
Two sections at the end of _______. Contains also the antigen binding sites ___________ .
The Fab is identical on the same antibody, but vary from one antibody to another
a. Left orange- ____________
b. Left yellow- ____________
c. Right blue- ____________
d. Right orange- ____________
Y’s arm
(Fab) or the paratope
a. Left orange- variable light
b. Left yellow- variable heavy
c. Right blue- variable heavy
d. Right orange- variable light
91
Basic Structure of an Antibody: Number of Binding Sites
The number of binding sites = the number of _______
Valence
92
Basic Structure of an Antibody:
Stem of monomer and lower parts of Y arms
Constant Region
93
Basic Structure of an Antibody:
Responsible for the type and antigen-antibody reaction that occurs
Constant Region
94
Basic Structure of an Antibody:
_________ of heavy chain differs from one antibody class to the other
Constant Region
95
Basic Structure of an Antibody: Constant region
Structure serves as a basis for distinguishing the 5 different classes: ___, ___, ___, ___, and ____
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE
96
Basic Structure of an Antibody: FC (FRAGMENT CONSTANT) REGION
All of the antibodies have the same ____ region
Fc
97
Basic Structure of an Antibody:
Mainly the one attached to the B cells or T cells
FC (FRAGMENT CONSTANT) REGION
98
Basic Structure of an Antibody: FC (FRAGMENT CONSTANT) REGION
a. For complement fixation, ______ and ______
b. No capability to bind the _______
a. skin fixation and placental transfer
b. antibody
99
Antibody Structure:
First approximately 110 amino acids at the amino-terminal end
VARIABLE DOMAIN
100
Antibody Structure: VARIABLE DOMAIN
The remaining amino acids can typically be divided up into ___ or _____ or ____constant regions with very similar constant regions with very similar sequences, designated CH1, CH2, and CH3 (constant heavy chain 1,2,3)
two or three or more
101
Antibody Structure: Constant Region
Constant regions of the H chain are unique to each class and give each immunoglobulin
a. γ H chain: _____ (_____)
b. α H chain: _____ (_____)
c. ε H chain: _____ (_____)
d. δ H chain: _____ (_____)
e. μ H chain: _____ (_____)
a. γ H chain: IgG (gamma)
b. α H chain: IgA (alpha)
c. ε H chain: IgE (epsilon)
d. δ H chain: IgD (delta)
e. μ H chain: IgM (mu)
102
Refers to the heavy chain that determine the Ig class
Isotype
103
Minor variations of these sequences that are present in some individuals but not others
Allotype
104
The amino terminal ends of both L and H contain these regions, which are essential to the formation of the antigen binding site
Idiotype
105
variable portions of each chain are unique to a specific antibody molecule
Idiotype
106
Possess both constant and variable regions, it is the same for all immunoglobulins
Light Chain
107
Light Chain:
a. Kappa: contains _____ of the Ig
b. Lambda: contains ____ of the Ig
c. Ratio of K:L is ______
a. Kappa: contains 65% of the Ig
b. Lambda: contains 35% of the Ig
c. Ratio of K:L is 2:1
108
Light Chain:
Discovered through ______________ which are light chains produced by a malignant plasma cell from the urine of ____________________
Bence Jones Proteins
Multiple Myeloma patients
109
Light Chain:
a. Led to the discovery of _______ and ______ chains that are present in Igs
b. Bence Jones proteins is unique because when heated at _______ , it will precipitate
c. Further heating at ______ , the precipitate will redissolve
d. Its unique characteristics made it possible to detect the light chains and the amino acid sequence
a. Kappa and Lambda chains
b. 60 C
c. 80 C
110
DISULFIDE BOND:
a. Connect heavy chains and _______chains
b. Connect heavy chains and _______ chains
c. Connect light chains and ______ chains
a. Connect heavy chains and heavy chains
b. Connect heavy chains and light chains
c. Connect light chains and light chains
111
HINGE REGION:
a. Found in between _____ and ______
b. Has high _______ and _______ residue
c. also known as
d. Amino acid- ________ (causes flexibility)
a. CH1 and CH2
b. proline and hydrophobic residue
c. Flexible region
d. Proline
112
Regions or section in an Ig molecule
Domain
113
DOMAIN:
1 Light chain
a. 2 domains: ______ and _____
a. VL (variable light) and CL (constant light)
114
DOMAIN:
1 Heavy chain- specific to each ___
a. 4 domains: ____ and ___
IgG
a. 1 VH and 3 CH
115
DOMAIN:
IgM and IgA: with extra ____
a. IgM: _______
b. IgA: has another form which is the secretory IgA that as more than two (_____)
CH4
a. pentamer
b. dimer
116
DOMAIN:
Total: in one monomer it contains _________ except for pentameric (IgM) and dimeric form (IgA)
In one immunoglobulin, it contains _______
4 domains
6 domains
117
antigen binding site known also as the paratope
Fab site
118
CH2 and CH3, where B cells, T cells and
complement bind to
Fc region
