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IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY :) > ANTIGENS & ANTIBODIES > Flashcards

ANTIGENS & ANTIBODIES Flashcards

1
Q

Macromolecules that is capable triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing formation of antibodies or sensitized T- cells of an immunocompetent host

A

Immunogen

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2
Q

Can evoke an immune response

A

Immunogen

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3
Q

An immunogen enters the body, the naive T and B cells will be sensitized forming the ________

A

Antibody

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4
Q

Substance that reacts with antibody or sensitized T cells but may not evoke an immune response

A

Antigen

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5
Q

Can only bind sensitized T cells or antibody, not capable of sensitizing T and B cells (no reaction)

A

Antigen

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
If there is a specific antibody present in the body, it will be able to bind with the antigen

A

True

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7
Q

Ability to induce a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response

A

Immunogenicity

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8
Q

Ability to combine specifically with the final products of the immune response

A

Antigenicity

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9
Q

Antigenicity:
Final products- secreted antibodies and/or surface
receptors on _____

A

T-cells

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10
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response: AGE
1. decreased response to antigenic stimulation and they are considered as immunocompromised (weak immune system)

A

Elderly

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11
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response: AGE
Their immune system is not completely developed

A

Neonates

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12
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response: Age NEONATES

a. Pediatricians monitor closely neonates that get sick from _____________
b. Even a simple fever can be fatal
c. Their immune system is not yet capable of defending itself
d. As compared to adults or teens- stronger immunity

A

a. 0-3 months old

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13
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response: Overall-Health

the immune system won’t work well if the body
does not receive the enough nutrition that it needs (especially here in the Philippines and children)

A

Malnutrition

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14
Q

What are the Factors Influencing Immune Response?

A

Age
Overall health
Dose
Route of inoculation
Genetic Capacity

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15
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response: DOSE
a. Generally, the larger the amount of an immunogen one is exposed to, the ________ the immune response

b. Exceptions: pathogens that are very _______

c. Some bacteria, even in the slightest exposure or small dose of bacteria, can already illicit an immune response

A

a. greater
b. immunogenic

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16
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response: Route of Inoculation

Into a vein

A

Intravenous

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17
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response: Route of Inoculation

The fastest route of entry of an immunogen because it will enter directly into the bloodstream

A

Intravenous

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18
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response: Route of Inoculation

Into the skin

A

Intradermal

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19
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response: Route of Inoculation

Beneath the skin / tissue

A

Subcutaneous

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20
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response: Route of Inoculation

The route where the immunogen enters the body also determines which cell populations will be involved in the response

A

Oral contact

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21
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response: Route of Inoculation

a. What is the primary organ to fight off the immunogen in Intravenous route?

b. Subcutaneous is in the ___________ (located in the
armpit, neck or groin)

A

a. Spleen
b. local lymph nodes

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22
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response: Genetic Capacity

Linked to _________________________________ and to receptors generated during T and B lymphocyte development

A

MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)

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23
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response: Genetic Capacity

system of genes that code for cell surface molecules that play an important role in antigen recognition. It has also something to do with transplantation

A

MHC

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
greater the molecular weight, the more
potent the molecule to induce an immune response

A

True

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25
Q

What are the potent stimulus?

A

Bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungi

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26
Q

These 2 are the best immunogens

A

Proteins and polysaccharides

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27
Q

Less immunogenic

A

Carbohydrates

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28
Q

Least immunogenic

A

Lipid and nucleic acids

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29
Q

must be attached to a carrier particle before being an immunogen

A

Lipids and nucleic acids

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30
Q

may be repeating copies or they may have differing specificity

A

Epitopes

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31
Q

amino acids following one another on a single chain

A

SEQUENTIAL OR LINEAR EPITOPES

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32
Q

results from the folding of one chain or multiple chains, bringing certain amino acids from different segments of a linear sequence or sequences into close proximity with each other so they can be recognized together

A

CONFORMATIONAL OR DISCONTINUOUS EPITOPE

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33
Q

RECOGNITION OF EPITOPES BY B CELLS:
React with both _____ and ______________ present
on the surface of an immunogen

A

linear and conformational epitopes

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34
Q

It is direct and can trigger B cell activation

A

Recognition of Epitopes by B cells

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35
Q

RECOGNITION OF EPITOPES BY T CELLS
Able to recognize an immunogen it must first be degraded into small peptides by a/ an

A

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

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36
Q

RECOGNITION OF EPITOPES BY T CELLS:
Must undergo __________ first

A

phagocytosis

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37
Q

RECOGNITION OF EPITOPES BY T CELLS:
Peptides form a complex with _________ and are carries to the surface of the APC before being recognized by the T cells

A

MHC proteins

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38
Q

Example are dendritic cells

A

RECOGNITION OF EPITOPES BY T CELLS

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39
Q

Small organic compound that are antigenic but not
immunogenic

A

Haptens

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40
Q

HAPTENS:
Capable of reaction with antibody however precipitation or agglutination will not occur

a. reactions that we observe in the serology laboratory indicating an antigen-antibody reaction

A

a. Precipitation/ agglutination

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41
Q

HAPTENS:
Coupling to a carrier: ________________ this complex is considered as an immunogen

A

hapten- carrier conjugate

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42
Q

Haptens will bind to the _______________

A

B cell receptor

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43
Q

form a bridge producing a stronger reaction

A

Cross-linking

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44
Q

He wrote the specificity of serological reactions

A

KARL LANDSTEINER

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45
Q

His contribution is the Study on haptens

A

KARL LANDSTEINER

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46
Q

He Immunized rabbits with haptens attached to a carrier molecule

A

KARL LANDSTEINER

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47
Q

He discovered that antibodies not only recognize chemical features such as polarity, hydrophobicity, and ionic charge, but the overall three-dimensional configuration is also important.

a. Most proteins are three-dimensional- made up of ________ and ___________, making them more
complex in structures and the best immunogen

A

KARL LANDSTEINER
a. Amino acid and cholesterol

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48
Q

He conceptualize the Spatial orientation and chemical complementarity lock and key theory

A

KARL LANDSTEINER

49
Q

Substances that are administered with an immunogen that increase the immune response in order to provide immunity to a particular disease

50
Q

Used to make vaccines

51
Q

ADJUVANTS:
used to complex with the immunogen to increase its size and to prevent a rapid escape from the tissues

A

Aluminum Salts

52
Q

Effects of Adjuvants:
In terms of its application in vaccines, when
antigen persistence is prolonged so is the
antibodies

A

Antigen persistence is prolonged

53
Q

Effects of Adjuvants:
The immune system is more alert if the
immunogen is combined with an adjuvant

A

Co-stimulatory signals are enhanced

54
Q

Effects of Adjuvants:
___________ is increase

A

Local inflammation

55
Q

Effects of Adjuvants:
Immune system is activated because of the
injection of foreign substance

A

Non-specific proliferation of lymphocytes is
stimulated (T and B lymphocytes)

56
Q

Antigens that belong to the host

A

AUTOANTIGENS

57
Q

Do not evoke an immune response under normal
circumstances

A

Autoantigens

58
Q

From other members of the host’s species

A

Alloantigens

59
Q

Human to human

A

Alloantigens

60
Q

Capable of eliciting an immune response

A

Alloantigens

61
Q

From other species such as other animals, plants or microorganisms

A

Heteroantigens

62
Q

Either identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one will cross- react with antigen of the other

A

Heterophile antigens

63
Q

hetereoantigens that exist in unrelated plants or animals

A

Heterophile antigens

64
Q

Heterophile Antigens:
Blood type A will be mistakenly diagnosed as __________

A

blood type B- Acquired B phenomenon

65
Q

Heterophile Antigens:
Blood type A contains __________________________

A

N-acetyl-D galactosaminyl transferase

66
Q

Heterophile Antigens:
Blood type B contains ________________________________

A

D-galactosyl transferase

67
Q

Glycoproteins that recognize and bind to a particular antigen with very high specificity

A

Antibodies

68
Q

Made in response to exposure to the antigen

A

Antibodies

69
Q

Antibodies:
Each antibody has at least two identical sites that bind antigen: Antigen Binding sites (_______) will bind to the paratope (_____________)

A

Antigen: paratope
Paratope: Antibody

70
Q

Antibodies:
belong to a group of serum proteins called ____________ that proteins in nature

A

immunoglobulins (Igs)

71
Q

Electrophoresis is at pH 8.6, immunoglobulins appear primarily in the ___________
a. the further away, the _______ one to migrate
o Alpha band- ________ (______)
o Gamma band- __________

A

Gamma band
a. fastest
b. albumin (fastest)
c. immunoglobulins

72
Q

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
1. Neutralize ____________ (especially those that are produced by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi)

A
  1. toxic substances
73
Q

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS

  1. Facilitate phagocytosis and kill microbes
    a. Some of our immunoglobulins can act as an __________ can coat the antigen so the phagocytes can readily recognize that there is an antigen present
A

a. opsonin

74
Q

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS

  1. Combine with antigens on cellular surfaces and thereby cause the destruction of these cells either extravascular (outside the blood vessels within the mononuclear- phagocyte system, also known as ______________ or intravascularly (within blood vessels through the action of complement)

a. RES- _______ is the primarily organ where the antigens are destroyed

b. Once the immunoglobulins will bind to the _______, the complement is now activated to kill the particular antigen

A

Reticular endothelial system (RES)
a. spleen
b. antigen

75
Q

Theories of Antibody Diversity:
Paul Ehrlich postulated that certain cells had specific surface receptors for antigen

A

EHRLICH’S SIDE-CHAIN THEORY (SPECIFIC RECEPTOR)

76
Q

Theories of Antibody Diversity:

Occurred once antigen was introduced, it would select the cell with proper receptor, combination would take place and receptors would break off and enter the circulation as antibody molecules

A

EHRLICH’S SIDE-CHAIN THEORY (SPECIFIC RECEPTOR)

77
Q

Theories of Antibody Diversity:
New receptors would form in place of those broken off and enter the circulation as antibody molecules

A

EHRLICH’S SIDE-CHAIN THEORY (SPECIFIC RECEPTOR)

78
Q

Theories of Antibody Diversity:
TEMPLATE THEORY (GENERAL RECEPTOR) was developed by

A

Felix Haurowitz

79
Q

Theories of Antibody Diversity:
Antibody producing cells are capable of synthesizing a generalized type of antibody and when contact with an antigen occurs, the antigen serves as a mold or template and alters protein synthesis so hat antibody with specific fits is made

A

TEMPLATE THEORY (GENERAL RECEPTOR)

80
Q

Theories of Antibody Diversity:
This now specific antibody enters the circulation, while the antigen remains behind to direct further synthesis or degradation to make more antibodies

A

TEMPLATE THEORY (GENERAL RECEPTOR)

81
Q

Theories of Antibody Diversity:
Most accepted theory for antibody diversity

A

CLONAL SELECTION

82
Q

Theories of Antibody Diversity: Clonal Selection

__________ and __________ independently supported the idea of clonal selection process for antibody formation

A

Niels Jerne and Mcfarlane Burnet

83
Q

Theories of Antibody Diversity:

The key premise is that individual lymphocytes are
genetically programmed to produce one type of
immunoglobulin and that a specific antigen finds or selects those particular cells capable of responding to it, causing to proliferate

A

Clonal Selection

84
Q

Theories of Antibody Diversity: Clonal Selection

a. The antigen will select the B cells for activation from a population of cells that is pre-committed to produce a specific antibody (_______)

b. B-cells (Plasma cells) produce the _________

c. Antibody forming cells are ________ and express cell surface receptors that is capable of binding foreign antigens

A

a. Naive B cells
b. antibody
c. monospecific

85
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody:
Consists of how many polypeptide chains?

A

4 polypeptide chains

86
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody:
Subdivided into ______ chain (_____ chain) and ______ chain (L chain)

A

2 Heavy chain - large chain
2 light chain - L chain

87
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody:
These two worked on Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

A

Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter

88
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody:
A flexible Y-shaped molecule with four protein chains

89
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody: MONOMER
a. 2 identical light chains - _______ or ______ chain
b. 2 identical heavy chains- depends on the
_________ (specific and it will determine the
class of immunoglobulin)

A

a. Kappa or Lambda chain
b. immunoglobulin

90
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody: Variable Region
Two sections at the end of _______. Contains also the antigen binding sites ___________ .

The Fab is identical on the same antibody, but vary from one antibody to another
a. Left orange- ____________
b. Left yellow- ____________
c. Right blue- ____________
d. Right orange- ____________

A

Y’s arm
(Fab) or the paratope

a. Left orange- variable light
b. Left yellow- variable heavy
c. Right blue- variable heavy
d. Right orange- variable light

91
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody: Number of Binding Sites

The number of binding sites = the number of _______

92
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody:

Stem of monomer and lower parts of Y arms

A

Constant Region

93
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody:
Responsible for the type and antigen-antibody reaction that occurs

A

Constant Region

94
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody:
_________ of heavy chain differs from one antibody class to the other

A

Constant Region

95
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody: Constant region
Structure serves as a basis for distinguishing the 5 different classes: ___, ___, ___, ___, and ____

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE

96
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody: FC (FRAGMENT CONSTANT) REGION

All of the antibodies have the same ____ region

97
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody:

Mainly the one attached to the B cells or T cells

A

FC (FRAGMENT CONSTANT) REGION

98
Q

Basic Structure of an Antibody: FC (FRAGMENT CONSTANT) REGION
a. For complement fixation, ______ and ______
b. No capability to bind the _______

A

a. skin fixation and placental transfer
b. antibody

99
Q

Antibody Structure:
First approximately 110 amino acids at the amino-terminal end

A

VARIABLE DOMAIN

100
Q

Antibody Structure: VARIABLE DOMAIN
The remaining amino acids can typically be divided up into ___ or _____ or ____constant regions with very similar constant regions with very similar sequences, designated CH1, CH2, and CH3 (constant heavy chain 1,2,3)

A

two or three or more

101
Q

Antibody Structure: Constant Region

Constant regions of the H chain are unique to each class and give each immunoglobulin
a. γ H chain: _____ (_____)
b. α H chain: _____ (_____)
c. ε H chain: _____ (_____)
d. δ H chain: _____ (_____)
e. μ H chain: _____ (_____)

A

a. γ H chain: IgG (gamma)
b. α H chain: IgA (alpha)
c. ε H chain: IgE (epsilon)
d. δ H chain: IgD (delta)
e. μ H chain: IgM (mu)

102
Q

Refers to the heavy chain that determine the Ig class

103
Q

Minor variations of these sequences that are present in some individuals but not others

104
Q

The amino terminal ends of both L and H contain these regions, which are essential to the formation of the antigen binding site

105
Q

variable portions of each chain are unique to a specific antibody molecule

106
Q

Possess both constant and variable regions, it is the same for all immunoglobulins

A

Light Chain

107
Q

Light Chain:
a. Kappa: contains _____ of the Ig
b. Lambda: contains ____ of the Ig
c. Ratio of K:L is ______

A

a. Kappa: contains 65% of the Ig
b. Lambda: contains 35% of the Ig
c. Ratio of K:L is 2:1

108
Q

Light Chain:
Discovered through ______________ which are light chains produced by a malignant plasma cell from the urine of ____________________

A

Bence Jones Proteins
Multiple Myeloma patients

109
Q

Light Chain:
a. Led to the discovery of _______ and ______ chains that are present in Igs

b. Bence Jones proteins is unique because when heated at _______ , it will precipitate

c. Further heating at ______ , the precipitate will redissolve

d. Its unique characteristics made it possible to detect the light chains and the amino acid sequence

A

a. Kappa and Lambda chains
b. 60 C
c. 80 C

110
Q

DISULFIDE BOND:
a. Connect heavy chains and _______chains
b. Connect heavy chains and _______ chains
c. Connect light chains and ______ chains

A

a. Connect heavy chains and heavy chains
b. Connect heavy chains and light chains
c. Connect light chains and light chains

111
Q

HINGE REGION:
a. Found in between _____ and ______
b. Has high _______ and _______ residue
c. also known as
d. Amino acid- ________ (causes flexibility)

A

a. CH1 and CH2
b. proline and hydrophobic residue
c. Flexible region
d. Proline

112
Q

Regions or section in an Ig molecule

113
Q

DOMAIN:
1 Light chain
a. 2 domains: ______ and _____

A

a. VL (variable light) and CL (constant light)

114
Q

DOMAIN:
1 Heavy chain- specific to each ___
a. 4 domains: ____ and ___

A

IgG
a. 1 VH and 3 CH

115
Q

DOMAIN:
IgM and IgA: with extra ____
a. IgM: _______
b. IgA: has another form which is the secretory IgA that as more than two (_____)

A

CH4
a. pentamer
b. dimer

116
Q

DOMAIN:
Total: in one monomer it contains _________ except for pentameric (IgM) and dimeric form (IgA)

In one immunoglobulin, it contains _______

A

4 domains
6 domains

117
Q

antigen binding site known also as the paratope

118
Q

CH2 and CH3, where B cells, T cells and
complement bind to

IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY :) (8 decks)

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