Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell biology III > Stages of Early animal development > Flashcards

Stages of Early animal development Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

metazoan developmental stages… review

A
  • gametogenesis
  • fertilization
  • embryonic period (cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis)
  • fetal period
  • growth
  • later development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gametogenesis

A
  • formation of gametes
  • spermatogenesis
  • oogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

four phases of gametogenesis:

A
  • extraembryonic origin of germ cells… migration to gonads
  • mitosis to increase number of germ cells
  • meiosis to reduce chromosome number
  • structural and functional maturation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gametogenesis phase 1

A
  • germ cells form, migrate to gonads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gametogenesis phase 2 and 3

A
  • mitosis to increase germ cells
  • meiosis to reduce chromosome number
  • SPERMATOGENESIS
  • OOGENESIS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

draw oogenesis diagram, and note the timing of oogenesis

A

–

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or false: in females, meiosis not complete until fertilization

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gametogenesis phase 4

A
  • structural and functional maturation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fertilization accomplishes:

A
  • fusion of gametes to form diploid
  • egg/metabolic activation and initiation of development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

steps of fertilization

A
  • sperm penetrate follicle cell layer
  • attaches to zona pellucida
  • acrosomal reaction… degrades pellucida
  • fusion of sperm + egg membranes… (membrane depolarize… fast block to polyspermy… Ca2+ wave sweeps across cell
  • cortical reaction (zona reaction)…. prevention of polyspermy (slow block)
  • metabolic activation of egg
  • completely of egg meiosis, formation of pronuclei (M+F) and restoration of mitotic cell cycle
  • pronuclei fuse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

zona pellucida

A
  • mass of glycoprotein
  • enzymes in acrosome released, digests matrix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

slow block

A
  • enzymes related to acrosomal vesicle fuse to membrane, release contents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cleavage

A
  • rapid cell division, little or no cell growth between divisions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cleavage pattern

A
  • different species have different cleavage factors
  • deuterostomes: cleavage produces ball of cells with fluid or yolk filled cavity
  • completing cleavage = cells have diff identities, symmetry is broken
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

blastomeres

A
  • cells that make up blastula
  • a cell produced during cleavage of a fertilized egg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

blastocoel

A
  • the fluid-filled cavity of a blastula.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

morula

A
  • a solid ball of cells from which the blastula is formed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

blastula

A
  • embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

blastocyte

A
  • ball of differentiated cells
  • end of cleavage, embryo implants in uterine wall
20
Q

What are the relationships that connect cleavage pattern with early life strategy

A
  • food source (transition to free living larva, yolk, placental attachment)
  • rate of cell division
  • level of maternal genome control
21
Q

maternal control

A
  • cellular processes carried out by transcripts/proteins present in egg prior to fertilization
  • allows for rapid cell division
22
Q

differences in cleavage patterns depend on?

A
  • yolk content
23
Q

cleavage pattern determines

A
  • size of blastomeres and configuration (asymmetrical, symmetrical)
  • where and how cytoplasmic components are segregated into different blastomeres
24
Q

how does the breaking of symmetry work?

A
  • rotation of cell cortex, shift in pigment
  • exposed nonpigmented cytoplasm
  • identifies where gastrulation begins
25
Q

rotational cleavage and compaction

A
  • rotational cleavage: involves a normal first division , giving rise to two daughter cells. one of the daughter cells divides , whilst the other divides equatorially. (four daughter cells)

compaction: very compacted cells, cells on outside are different from cells on inside

26
Q

components of blastocyte

A
  • inner cell mass (embryonic stem cells)
  • trophoblasts (outer cells): structural component of placenta
27
Q

changes in embryo as it moves through cleavage?

A
  • increases in diameter, volume, surface area
28
Q

Gastrulation

A
  • extensive rearrangement of cells
  • integrated cell and tissue movement
  • blastula transforms: 3 layer embryo w primitive gut
  • gastrula
  • process may look different in species
29
Q

gastrula:

A
  • gastrulation stage embryo
30
Q

gastrulation results in:

A
  • formation of 3 germ layers
  • form primitive gut (archenteron) (blastopore)
  • tube within a tube body plan
  • elongated rostrocaudal axis
31
Q

germ layers

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
32
Q

epithelial cells

A
  • strong interactions with other cells (adhesion) and ECM, stationary, polar
33
Q

mesenchymal cells:

A
  • weak/ no interaction with other cells, mobile, no cell polarity
34
Q

ectoderm examples

A
  • outer surface (epidermal cells of skin)
  • central nervous system (neuron of brain)
  • neural crest (pigment cell - melanocyte)
35
Q

meso derm examples

A
  • dorsal… notochord
  • paraxial… bone tissue
  • intermediate… tubule of the kidney
  • lateral… red blood cells…
  • head… facial muscle
36
Q

endoderm examples

A
  • digestive tube… stomach cell
  • pharynx… thyroid cell
  • respiratory tube…lung cell
37
Q

germ cells

A
  • sperm, egg
38
Q

ectoderm definition

A
  • outermost layer of gastrula
  • nervous and sensory systems, epidermis
39
Q

mesoderm

A
  • partly fills space between ectoderm and endoderm
  • skeletal, muscle, circulatory systems
  • excretory and reproductive system
  • dermis, inner layer of skin
  • notochord
40
Q

endoderm

A
  • lines archenteron
  • epithelial lining of the digestive tract and associated organs (liver, pancreas)
  • epithelial lining of respiratory system (lungs)
  • thyroid and urinary bladder
41
Q

chicken gastrulation

A
  • lateral folding to give tube within a tube body plan
42
Q

organogenesis

A
  • last stage of embryonic period
  • organs of animal body form the 3 embryonic layers
43
Q

organogenesis involves:

A
  • cell differentiation
  • morphogenesis
44
Q

cell differentiation

A
  • cells interact with each other and acquire different identities
45
Q

morphogenesis

A
  • segments form and develop specific characteristics
  • organized spatial patterns of differentiated cells emerge
  • formation of tissues and organs
46
Q

mesodermal structures

A
  • notochord : embryonic backbone… induces signals
  • somites
47
Q

ectodermal structures

A
  • neurulation: neural tube..
  • from ectoderm, neurulation produces:
  • epidermis (eye lens, anterior pituitary)
  • neural tube: central nervous system (brain, spinal cord), retina
  • neural crest (peripheral nervous system, facial cartilage

Cell biology III (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions