Stability and Change Flashcards
Change - Roberts et al 2000
Big-5 meta-analysis
Most change between 20 - 40 years old
Change - Roberts et al 2000, Extraversion (assertiveness)
Increases then plateaus at 50
Change - Roberts et al 2000, Conscientiousness
Steady increase throughout life
Change - Roberts et al 2000, Emotional Stability
Increase then plateaus at 30
Change - Roberts et al 2000, Agreeableness
Steady increase throughout life
Not as high as Conscientiousness
Change - Roberts et al 2000, Openness to Experience
Increase to 30s then steady decline into old age
Change - Roberts et al 2000, Extraversion (Sociability)
Decrease then plateau at mid-50s
Change - McCrae et al 1999
Change is similar across Germany, Italy, Portugal, Croatia & Korea
Change - Tvzenewski et al 2008
Overall no change in Narcissim levels since 1982, only facet level changes
Self-sufficiency is higher in 2007
Superiority is higher in 1982
Change - Causes, McCrae & Costa 1999
Biological basesresult in tendencies which affect our adaptation to the environment which then influences out self-concept and personality
Change - McCrae & Costa 1999, Openness to Experience
Decreases with age
Change - McCrae & Costa 1999, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness
Increases with age
Change - McCrae & Costa 1999, Social Dominance Orientation
Increases with age
Change - Causes, Roberts, Wood & Smith 2005
Social Investment Hypothesis
Social tasks affect personality with age
Normative experiences such as marriage or bereavement will impact tendencies
Not cross-culture generalisable due to differences in the time scales of events despite similarities for time scales of change
Stability - McCrae & Costa 1992
Measured personality traits regularly across 16 - 84 years old
6 weeks .80
24 years .65
Observer report 6 years .70
Stability - Adolescence, Robins et al 2001
4 years in college .60
Stability - Adolescence, Roberts et al 2001
18 - 26 years .55
Stability - Adolescence, McCrae et al 2008
12 - 16 years .40
Stability
Change of differences between people in trait levels
Stability - Self-esteem, Robins & Trzenewski 2005
Decreases with age then increases at 60s, to decrease again afterwards but with lesser force
Mean SE change but self-esteem is fairly stable
Stability - Self-Esteem, Neyer & Lehnut 2007
Entering and monitoring the self whilst in relationships results in increased self-esteem due to high sense of security
Stability - Self-Esteem, Neyer & Lehnut 2007, Timley beginners
Increases to T2 when get into a relationship and then plateaus
Self-Esteem, Neyer & Lehnut 2007, Early beginners
Remains relatively high across all times, slightly higher at T3
Self-Esteem, Neyer & Lehnut 2007, Stable singles
Increase slightly to T2 then plateaus
Self-Esteem, Neyer & Lehnut 2007, Late beginners
Low plateau until increase at T3
Childhood Traits - Stability
Stable across short periods
Unstable across long periods
Childhood Traits - Structure, Caspi et al 2005
Children show temperament traits, not full personality traits
Activity level, soothability, fearfulness, positive emotion
Childhood Traits - Structure, Caspi et al 2005, Activity level
Positively correlated to extraversion
Childhood Traits - Structure, Caspi et al 2005, Fearfulness
Negatively correlated to Emotional Stability
Childhood Traits - Structure, Lamb et al 2002
100 Swedish children
12 - 16 years old
Developmental trait change
Childhood Traits - Structure, Lamb et al 2002, Openness to Experience
Increases then slight decrease
Childhood Traits - Structure, Lamb et al 2002, Conscientiousness
Steady increase
Childhood Traits - Structure, Lamb et al 2002, Agreeableness
Plateaus
Childhood Traits - Structure, Lamb et al 2002, Extraversion
Decreases
Childhood Traits - Structure, Lamb et al 2002, Neuroticism
Highest at the start of school
Childhood Traits - Structure
5 factors are usually found
However, sometimes Honesty-Humility and Openness are not identified in children
Childhood Traits - to Adulthood, Self-Control
Children with high self-control in the Marshmallow test show high adult success
Childhood Traits - to Adulthood, Black & Black 2006
Liberal adults were self-reliant and resourceful children
Conservative adults were conventional and guilt-prone children
Childhood Traits - Hawaiian studies
2000 children
45 years
Teacher reports at T1, self-reports at T2
Childhood Traits - Hawaiian studies, Agreeableness
Low correlation
Childhood Traits - Hawaiian studies, Openness to Experience
Low correlation
Childhood Traits - Hawaiian studies, Extraversion
Moderate correlation
Childhood Traits - Hawaiian studies, Conscientiousness
Moderate correlation
Childhood Traits - Hawaiian studies, Emotional stability
No correlation
Childhood Traits - Huesman et al 2009
Trait agression from 8 - 48 years old
r .50
Perfectionism - Damien et al 2013
Expectations during childhood predict levels of Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism
SOP .65
SPP .54
Perfectionism - Stoeher et al 2009
Conscientiousness during childhood predicts Self-Oriented Perfectionism
SOP .73
SPP .52
