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SP529 > Mental Abilities > Flashcards

Mental Abilities Flashcards

1
Q

Mental Abilities

A

Differences among individuals in their levels of maximum performance

Comprable to personality which is typical performance

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2
Q

Mental Abilities - Structure, Galton

A

Identified hereditary genius and a result of physical abilties

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3
Q

Mental Abilities - Structure, Cattell

A

Identified IQ as a basis of 10 psychological functions

Was based on performance not ability

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4
Q

Mental Abilities - Structure, Spearman

A

Identified general intelligence factor = g

Looked at school grades, which could be influenced by factors other than intelligence, such as motivation

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5
Q

Mental Abilities - Structure, Thurstone

A

Contradicted g developing a theory of 7 abilties

Verbal fluency, Verbal comprehension, Memory, Numerical reasoning, Spatial reasoning, Perceptual speed

Abilities still highly correlated, indicating presence of a general factor

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6
Q

Mental Abilities - Structure, Carroll

A

g = broad

Fluid intelligence, Crystallised intelligence, Memory, Visual processing, Auditory processing, Processing speed, Cognitive speed, Retrieval

69 narrower abilities

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7
Q

Mental Abilities - Structure, Cattell-Horn-Carroll

A

g = broad

Comprehension, Short-term memory, Long-term memory, Cognitive speed, Quantitative reasoning, Reading ability, Visuo-spatial processing, Auditory processing

69 narrower abilities

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8
Q

Mental Abilities - Change

A

Absolute g shows rapid increase during childhood then a gentle decline at old age

Spatial ability is better in young adults
Verbal ability is better at 40 - 50 uears old

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9
Q

Mental Abilities - Stability

A

g remains relatively stable across time

11 to 80 years old, correlation .66

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10
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Biological Bases, Brain Size

A

Brain volume and intelligence .33

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11
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Biological Bases, Nerve Conduction

A

Limited support but possible positive correlation

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12
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Biological Bases, Reaction Time

A

-.30 correlation

Less time taken to respond relates to higher intelligence

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13
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Biological Bases, Inspection Time

A

-.30 correlation

Less time taken to inspect related to higher intelligence

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14
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Biological Bases, Brain Waves

A

High IQ tend to show short latency, high frequency, low amplitude waves, indicating less exertion for processing

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15
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Biological Bases, Brain Glucose Metabolism

A

Higher IQ show lower glucose consumption, indicating more efficient processing

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16
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Genetics, Adult

A

Heritability .65

Shared environment .20

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17
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Genetics, Children

A

Heritability .40

Shared environment .20

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18
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Genetics, Additive vs Non-additive influence

A

.35 vs .15

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19
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Genetics

A

Effect of environment becomes a lesser influence with age

Genetics becomes a greater influence with age

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20
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Birth Order, First borns

A

Receive undivided attention and stimulation while young

3 IQ points higher than second-borns

21
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Birth Order, Last borns

A

More intuitive in order to get attention of parents

22
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Birth Order, Kristensen & Bierkedal 2007

A

Second-borns rasied as first-borns due to death or adoption have IQ levels similar to that of first-borns

Highlights effects of environment after birth not pre-natal

23
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Womb Environment

A

Chorion type affects how similar the environment of twins is

Later borns have less fresh uterus, possibly less nutrition and may result in lower IQ

24
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Nutrition, Breastfeeding

A

Breastfed children have higher IQ

Question of cause and effect - does breastfeeding increase IQ or are breastfeeding parents more intelligent and pass this on

25
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Nutrition, Folate and B12 levels

A

Positive correlation to IQ

26
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Nutrition, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Lead exposure or Malnutrition

A

Result in low IQ

27
Q

Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Marriage

A

Spouse verbal abilities correlate .45 as we require the ability to communicate with our partner

Spouse numerical abilities correlate weakly due to not requiring them in a relationship

28
Q

Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Longevity and Health

A

Whalley & Deaj 2001

IQ correlates positively to life expectancy

Cannot draw cause and effect - does high IQ cause increased life expectancy or does it result in healthier behaviours which result in longevity

29
Q

Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Academic Performance, Dreary et al 2007

A

Level of g at 11 years old predicts academic achievement at 16 years old

g and performance in secondary school .50
g and performance in college .40

30
Q

Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Academic Performance

A

IQ and GPA correlate .50 -.60

31
Q

Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Job Performance, Hunter & Hunter 1984

A

More intelligent workers are better workers

Complex jobs require more intelligent workers

32
Q

Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Job Performance

A

IQ and income correlate .40

IQ and statuscorrelate .50

33
Q

Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Criminality

A

Higher IQ show better criminal payoff

34
Q

Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Criminality, Moffitt & Silva 1988

A

Individuals who hadnever had contact with police had higher IQ

Individuals who had contact with the police and delinquents had same IQ

35
Q

Not all tasks are the same

A

Some tasks require crystallised intelligence, others require fluid intelligence

36
Q

Not all tasks are the same - Fluid intelligence

A

Ability to learn new things and solve novel problems

Flexible thought
Culture free

37
Q

Not all tasks are the same - Crystallised intelligence

A

Ability to use previous knowledge to inform responses

Depends on culture experience and exposure
Results in well=learned skill

38
Q

Not all tasks are the same - Flynn effect

A

IQ today is much higher than IQ of the past and is not attributable to improved education

Effect is stronger for fluid intelligence than crystallised

39
Q

Alternative Theories - Multiple Intelligence

A

Gardner
Believed that non-mental abilities also contribute to intelligence

Naturalistic, Linguistic, Logic-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal

All correlate and show g-factor loadings

40
Q

Alternative Theories - Triarchic Intelligence

A

Sternberg

Practical, Analytic, Creative

41
Q

Alternative Theories - Triarchic Intelligence, Practical

A

Problem-solving abilities in real life

Measured by real-world successes

42
Q

Alternative Theories - Triarchic Intelligence, Analytic

A

Academia, logic and control

Measured by academic performance

43
Q

Alternative Theories - Triarchic Intelligence, Creative

A

New ideas and gaining new insights

Measured by artistic performance

44
Q

Alternative Theories - Emotional Intelligence

A

Mayor & Salovey 1990

The ability to regulate one’s emotions, involving self-control, confidence, trust, empathy and optimism

45
Q

Alternative Theories - Emotional Intelligence, Criminality

A

EI negatively correlates to delinquency, possibly through effect of self-control

46
Q

Alternative Theories - Emotional Intelligence, Factors

A

Thought faciliation
Accurate perception
Managing and regulation
Understanding of signals

47
Q

Alternative Theories - Emotional Intelligence, Ability EI

A

Ability to process emotional information

Measured by max performance

Positively correlated to Agreeableness, Openness to Experience and verbal ability

48
Q

Alternative Theories - Emotional Intelligence, Trait EI

A

Ability to perceive own emotions

Unrelated to GPA and test scores but measured through self-report

Positively correlates to Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability
Negatively correlates to Neuroticism

SP529 (10 decks)

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