Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SP529 > Nature vs Nurture > Flashcards

Nature vs Nurture Flashcards

1
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, MZ together

A

Share 100% of genes

Share 100% of environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, MZ apart

A

Share 100% of genes
Share 0% of environment

However, prenatal environment was shared so may impact heritability estimates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, DZ together

A

Share 50% of genes

Share 100% of environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, DZ apart

A

Share 50% of genes

Share 0% of environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, Interclass Coefficient

A

The proportion of variance due to between-family differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, Heritability Estimate

A

h2 = 2 ( rMZ - rDZ )

Average proportion of variance for a gene trait due to geentic variation in the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, rMZ

A

= h2 + c2

Correlation between the traits of MZ twins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, rDZ

A

= 1/2 h2 + c2

Correlation between the traits of DZ twins

Halved because DZ twins share only 50% of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, c2

A

= rMZ - h2

Common environment influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, Environmental Influence

A

Unique + Common Environmental Influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, Environmental Influence, Common

A

If MZ < 2 x DZ = Effect of the Common environment

Determine effect by compaing the traits of non-related individuals living in the same household

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, Environmental Influences, Unique

A

Within-Family differences

Birth order, Parental Treatment, Peer Groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, Environmental Influences, Unique, Birth Order

A

Adler - First born children are insecure, last born children are spoiled, middle born children are inbetween due to competition for approval

Sulloway 1995 - Later born children show increased Agreeableness and Openness to Experience and decreased Conscientiousness

Kristensen & Bjerkedual 2007 - Second-borns bought up at first-borns (as a result of adoption or death) had IQs similar to that of first-borns who tend to be 3 points higher, emphasising effect of environment as opposed to genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, Environmental Influences, Unique, Parental treatment

A

Loehan 1997 - Personality and Parenting correlate .15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, Environmental Influences, Unique, Peer Groups

A

Bart et al 2009 - Children that were delinquent at 14 had more delinquent peers are 17, personality determines the peers you choose NOT peers determining personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, Genetic Influence, Additive

A

Genes will present characteristics without the need for interactions with other genes

No need for dominance or recession

17
Q

Figuring it out - Comparing Relatives, Genetic Influence, Non-Additive

A

Genes show interactions with other genes

MZ will have the same combination
DZ show the same combination 1/4 of the time

May result in MZ > 2 DZ

18
Q

Assumptions - Assortative mating

A

Genetic influence measures assume that mating is random and partners are no more similar to eachother than any other members of the population

If parents are more similar than random, genes may overlap and so heritability may be underestimated

19
Q

Assumptions - Personalities are measured independently

A

Personality measures of twins often result in the comparison of twins

Assimilation effects result in individuals being compared to the general population, making twins more similar

Contrast effects result in individuals being compared to eachother, making twins more different

20
Q

Assumptions - Early environment is separate

A

Twins and even family members will share the same womb, contributing to a shared environment that may impact personality but be ignored, overestimating heritability estimates

21
Q

Assumptions - Adoptive households are different

A

Adoptive households go through testing and monitoring to ensure they are safe for the child resulting in most adoptive households having above average treatment

Selective placement could also make the environment more similar to those that are then compared, overestimating heritability by saying any commonality is due to genes

22
Q

Assumption - Twins are treated the same

A

If the environment is 100% the same then the twins must be being treated the exact same

Tendency for MZ twins to be treated mores similarly that DZ twins

Scarri et al 1979 - Differences in treatment do not have significant effects on personality

23
Q

Separating heritability and common environments - Gene-environment Interaction

A

Different effects of the environment for people with different genotypes

People with the same genetic stress-sensitivity may show different stress levels as a result of the different environmental stressors each are exposed to

24
Q

Separating heritability and common environments - Gene-environment Correlation

A

Passive, Active / Selective or Reactive / Evocative

25
Q

Separating heritability and common environments - Gene-environment Correlation, Passive

A

The child does not choose their environment, it is a result of the parents’ genetic tendencies which are then passed down

Parents may have the genetic tendency to play music and have instruments in their home so the children plays these, in line with their inherited tendency

26
Q

Separating heritability and common environments - Gene-environment Correlation, Active / Selective

A

Genetic tendencies result in the selection of the environment

Child may have a genetic tendency to play instruments and so chooses to go to music club at lunchtime

27
Q

Separating heritability and common environments - Gene-environment Correlation, Reactive / Evocative

A

The child selects their environment as a result of other’s reaction

A child may have a genetic tendency to play instruments so plays them in the home, their parents praise them and so the child decides to go to music school which further improves thier abilities

28
Q

Trait heritability - Personality

A

Minnesota Twin Study - .54 correlation between traits

Riemann et al 1997 - 38% Openness to Experience, 72% Conscientiousness, 46% Agreeableness, 80% Neuroticism, 56% Extraversion, no effect of Common environment

29
Q

Trait heritability - Religiosity

A

Abrahamson, Baker & Caspi 2002 - Adult MZ from .70 to .60, Adult DZ from .60 to .40, large effect of common environment

.12 heritability for adolscents

30
Q

Trait heritability - Political Attitude

A

Eaves et al 1997 - MZ .50 to .60, DZ .50 to .40, effect of environment when young, effect of genetics with age

31
Q

Trait heritability - Smoking

A

Li et al 2003 - Persistence .55 h2

Vink et al 2005 - Initiation .44 h2

32
Q

Trait heritability - Drinking

A

Alcoholism .50 - .71 h2

Drinking .21 - .56 h2

33
Q

Caspi et al 2003

A

Investigated the effect of the serotonin gene 5HTT, which has two alleles (long or short)

34
Q

Caspi et al 2003 - Findings, Depression

A

No main effect of genes
Main effect of stressful life events

Interaction where stressful life events predict depressive episodes in individuals with the short gene

35
Q

Caspi et al 2003 - Findings, Suicide

A

Interaction where stressful events predict suicide in individuals with short genes

36
Q

Caspi et al 2003 - Findings, Major Depressive Disorder

A

No main effect of genes
Main effect of childhood maltreatment

Interaction where childhood maltreatment predicts adult major depressive disorder in individuals with the short genes

SP529 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions