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Gross Anatomy II > SSA And Cerebellum > Flashcards

SSA And Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the special visceral afferent (SVA) neurons??

A

Smell and taste

CN I
CN VII, IX, X

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2
Q

What are the special visceral efferent neurons?

A

Supply motor innervation to muscles of pharyngeal arch

CN V, VII, IX, X, and XII

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3
Q

What are the special somatic afferent (SSA) neurons??

A

Vision. Hearing and balance

CN II
CNVIII

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4
Q

The _________ retinae receives light from the peripheral visual fields. Do these axons cross at the optic chiasm?

A

Nasal ; yes

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5
Q

The __________ retinae receives light from the binocular vision field. Do these axons cross over at the optic chiasm?

A

Temporal; no

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6
Q

How do visual fields differ in predator and prey animals

A

Prey- eyes more laterally placed, have wide peripheral vision

Predator- eyes more rostral; overlapping visual field increase depth perception

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7
Q

What is the site where optic nerves cross?

A

Optic chiasm

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8
Q

Optic tracts synapse onto the __________________ of the thalamus

A

Lateral geniculate body

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9
Q

Neurons within the optic tract can project to where?

A

Thalamus -> (primary visual pathway) conscious

Midbrain-> unconscious

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10
Q

What is the primary visual pathway?

A

Nasal and temporal retina
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm -> nasal retinae cross over; temporal retinae remain ipsilateral
Optic tract
Lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
Optic radiation (component of internal capsule)
Occipital cortex

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11
Q

Once in the visual cortex, where can visual information be directed?

A

Contralateral visual cortex via corpus callosum

Bilateral motor fortifies (frontoparietal)

Cerebellum via pons

Tectum/rostral colliculus

Tegmentum

Nuclei of crainial nerves III, IV, VI via rostral colliculus

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12
Q

What is the pathway of the menace response?

A

Primary motor pathway to occipital lobe -> motor cortex via internal capsule -> pons and cerebellum -> facial nuclei -> facial nerve-> orbcularis oculi m.

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13
Q

A small percentage of optic tracts for unconscious reflex travel and synapse at what two nuceli?

A

Pretectal nuceli (at junction of midbrain and thalamus)

Rostral colliculi (tectal nuceli)

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14
Q

In pupillary light reflex and visual accommodation, what nuceli does the optic tract synapse to?

A

Pretectal nuceli

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15
Q

In somatic motor responses of the eye what nuclei does the optic tract synapse to?

A

Rostral colliculi (tectal nuclei)

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16
Q

What is the pathway for pupillary contraction?

A

Optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> optic tract -> pretectal nuclei (ipsilateral and contralateral) ->PSNS oculomotor nucleus -> oculomotor nerve -> ciliary ganglion -> constrictor muscle

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17
Q

What is the pathway of pupillary dilation ?

A

Optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> optic tract -> rostral colliculus nuclei -> descend in lateral horn (sympathetic =throacolumbar) -> cervical sympathetic chain -> crainal cervical ganglion -> dilator muscle

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18
Q

Tectobulbar axons and tectospinal axons both arise from the rostral colliculus. What cranial nerves do each of these axon tracts influence ?

A

Tectobulbar –> eye movement
CN III, IV, and VI

Tectospinal –> head movement
CN XI

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19
Q

Circadian rhythms us the ___________ pathway. Stimulated by dark/night the pineal gland releases _____________

A

Retinohypothalmic; melatonin

Pineal gland is sympathetic innervated -> must descend to thoracic level and ascend back to the superficial cervical ganglion before stimulating the pineal gland

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20
Q

What stimulates the cochlear afferent neuron?

A

Movement of stapes at vestibular window > displace perilymph -> defect cochlear hairs (mechanoreceptor ) -> cochlear neurons

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21
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the cochlear neuron (SSA) located>

A

Spinal ganglia

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22
Q

What is the conscious auditory pathway?

A

Cochlear nerve -> spiral ganglia -> cochlear nuceli (medulla) -> caudal colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) -> internal capsule -> auditory cortex

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23
Q

The hearing reflex pathway goes through what nuclei to what tract?

A

Caudal colliculus -> tectospinal tract –> motor neurons

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24
Q

A reflex elicited by a sudden onset of tactile, vestibular, or acoustic stimuli that exceeds a certain intensity threshold

A

Startle reflex

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25
Q

In a startle reflex, descending pathways of the tectospinal tract causes?

A

Flexion of almost all skeletal muscle

26
Q

What type of hearing loss results because of damage to structures of external or middle ear preventing conduction of sound waves to the internal ear?

A

Conductive hearing loss

27
Q

What type of hearing loss results due to damage of structures of the inner ear preventing stimulation of electrical impulses or due to damaged central nuclei/pathways

A

Sensorineural

28
Q

Organ that senses balance and acceleration and aids in maintaining stable orientation relative to gravity

A

Vestibular organ

29
Q

What motor pathways does the vestibular organ influences

A

Position of eyes, neck, trunk, and limbs relative to movement of head

30
Q

What are the vestibular organs?

A 
Maculae (utricli and sacculi) 
Cristae ampulares (semicircular canals)
31
Q

Where are the cell bodes of the vestibular organs (SSA) located?

A

Vestibular ganglia

32
Q

What are the three vestibular pathways?

A

Ascending medial longitudinal fasciculus (brainstem) -> control eye movement

Vesibulospinal tract -> cerebellum to adjust posture and balance

Thalamocortical pathway -> thalamus -> cortex for conscious perception of balance

33
Q

What is the overall effect of stimulation of the vestibular organ?

A

Goes to vestibular nuclei -> spinal cord ->

Ipsilateral : inhibit flexors and stimulate extensor

Contralateral: inhibit extensor

Prevents falling

34
Q

A lesion the the left vestibular organ/pathway will make the animal feel like there is movement to the _________________ side. To compensate, the animal will move their poster and balance to the ________ side.

A

Right (away from lesion) ;left (toward lesion)

LEFT lesion: feel right, go left

35
Q

The _____________reflex produces neck and forelimb movement that counteracts the tilt of the head

A

Vesibulocollic

36
Q

A lesion to the RIGHT vestibulocollic pathway causes the animal to feel movement toward the ___________ side. The animal will counteract this by tiling the head to the __________

A

Left; Right

RIGHT lesion: feel left, go right

37
Q

Describe the vestibule-ocular reflex

A

Eye maintains a fixed position while the head moves

Head movement toward any side will stimulate vestibular organ on that side -> both eyes move in opposite direction to maintain position (compensatory) -> eyes rapidly move in same direction as head rotation for new focus point

38
Q

What is physiological nystagmus?

A

Normal movement of the eyes in response to head movement

First in opposite direction (slow phase) followed by fast phase movement toward direction of head turn

39
Q

Rapid movement of the eyes when the head is not moving or when the body changes position

A

Resting/positional nystagmus

NOT normal -> vestibular problems
Slow phase followed by fast phase

40
Q

In a peripheral vestibular disorder, the fast phase nystagmus is (toward/away) the side of the lesion and the slow phase it (toward/away) the side of lesion ?

A

In a peripheral vestibular disorder, the fast phase nystagmus is AWAY from the side of the lesion and the slow phase it TOWARD the side of lesion

41
Q

What nystagmus can be present with disorders of the central vestibular system?

A

Horizontal, vertical, or rotary

Peripheral vestibular disorders– only horizontal or rotary

42
Q

A peripheral disorder of the vestibular system can be a lesion in the ?

A

Vestibular receptors

43
Q

A central vestibular disorder can result from lesions in the ?

A

Vestibular ganglion
CN VIII
Vestibular nuclei

44
Q

Excessive stimulation of the vestibular system to the ______ center causes nausea

A

Emetic center

Eg motion sickness

45
Q

The cerebellum is made up of a __________, located between right and left hemispheres

A

Vermis

46
Q

What is located on the ventral cerebellum and is the major pathway of communication with he vestibular nuclei?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

47
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum>?

A

Determine rate, range and force of movements

Does NOT initiate movement –> frontal lobes job

48
Q

Afferents project to the cerebellum cortex and cerebellar nuclei via what tracts?

A

Cerebellar peduncles

49
Q

What 4 afferent pathways can project to the cerebellum

A

General proprioception (spinocerebellar)

Special proprioception (vesibulocerebellar)

Special somatic (tectocerebellar)

UMN (extrapyramidal)

50
Q

Efferent from the cerebellum can project through the cerebellar peduncles to what three nuclei?

A

Vestibular nuceli (spinal cord- vesibulospinal tract)

Reticular formation (cerebral cortex)

Extrapyramidal nuceli (motor cortex)

51
Q

The _____________ cerebellar peduncles communicates from the spinal cord to the cerebellum containing mostly primarily afferent neurons

A

Caudal

52
Q

The ___________ cerebellar peduncle is a tract from the pons to the cerebellum containing entirely afferent fibers

A

Middle

53
Q

The ________ cerebellar peduncle is a tract from the cerebellum to the mesencephalon (midbrain) containing mainly efferent fibers

A

Rostral

54
Q

On the brainstem, the cerebellar peduncles are found in what order from medial to lateral?

A

Rostral, caudal, middle

55
Q

___________ species have early cerebellum development and can get up soon after birth

A

Precocial

56
Q

______________ species have a longer development of the cerebellum and develop their motor skills, coordinator, and senses later

A

Altricial

57
Q

Cerebellar disease causes?

A

Inadequate/inappropriate motor response

Incoordination

58
Q

What are the three types of ataxia?

A

Cerebellar
Proprioceptive
Vestibular

59
Q

Cerebellar ataxia has what signs

A

Dysmetria -inability to judge distance or force
Hypermetria -overmeasurement of gait
Burst effect of movement because it is delayed and exaggerated response

Wide-based stance, intention tremors, truncal sway, delay onset of menace response

60
Q

Cerebellar ataxia can be due to lesions where?

A

Cerebellar cortex
Cerebellar peduncles
Cerebellar nuclei

Gross Anatomy II (11 decks)

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