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Sensing And Seeing > SS1 > Flashcards

SS1 Flashcards

1
Q

Is visceral pain localized

A

No - it uses interoreceptors

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2
Q

Paresis

A

Difficulty taking movement - weakness

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3
Q

Menance response

A

Is learned response not a reflex
Uses optic and facial nerve to make eye blink

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4
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Old opinions occur to try adding fake valuES- giving vagina anti hero

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5
Q

Retrobulbar nerve block in ruminant

A

Between frontal process of zygomatic bone and temporal process of zygomatic bone

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6
Q

Cervical spinal cord segments versus cervical vertebrate

A

8
7

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7
Q

Severity of nerve injury

A

Neuropraxia
Axonotmesis
Neurotmesis

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8
Q

Steps in sensory perception

A

Detection+ transduction (mechanical into electric>
Transmission
Modulation w/ other input
Perception @sensory cortex

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9
Q

Primary vs secondary sensory receptor

A

1° is specialized nerve ending of neuron
- olfactory receptors that are bipolar neuron

2° is another cell that sends chemical signal to sensory neuron
- hair cells in ear
- and rods and cone in eye
- taste receptor types w Na H (sour) and GCPR w Na channel (sweet umami)

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10
Q

Stimulus over long time- adaption

A

Tonic - less generation of I action potential over time
Slow adapting

Phasic - fire initially and stop action potential until end turn off
Rapidly adapting

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11
Q

TRP

A

Transient receptor potential channels

-itch receptors that respond to chemical stimuli

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12
Q

In skin nerve ending

A

Epidermis+dermis

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13
Q

Low threshold, mechano receptors

A

Primary sensory receptors
That can be rapidly adapting or slow adapting to continuous stimuli
Large or small, receptive field

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14
Q

Thermoreceptors have both low and high threshold

A

Low threshold is going to be cold detection, and it is myelinated axons

High threshold is going to be warmth and it’s unmyelinated and it’s in spicy food

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15
Q

Proprioception is done by

A

Golgi organ which carries inverse myotic reflex. It excites antagonist, alpha motor neurons to contract muscle. It inhibits agonist, alpha motor neurons to relax muscle.

Joint Kinesthetic sensory -joint capsule

Muscle spindle
-gamma motor neurons,
-and type 1a and type 2 sensory neurons

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16
Q

Spinal nerves cover

A

An area of skin (dermatome) muscle, and organs. They are sensory and motor.
The somatosensory receptors are only on the outside of the body and not visceral.

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17
Q

In the spinal cord, the dorsal finiculus is divided into

A

Dorsal columnS which are divided into

faciculus gracillis closer to the dorsal medial fissure
- For hind, limb and caudal body

and faciculus cutaneous
-Front limb and cranial body

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18
Q

Ascending path

A

Spinoreticular
spinovestibular
Spinocerebellar
Lateral
Ventral
Dorsal column

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

Diencephalon
ventral nucleus is important to spinothalamic and dorsal column tract aka medial lemniscus up

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20
Q

Somatotrophic map

A

Indicates the areas with larger number of sensory nerves have more area in the somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

Cranial nerves that provide somatosensory innervation to the head

A

579

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22
Q

Is visceral pain localizeD

A

No, it is dull
Done through interoreceptors (detect stretch and inflammation)
But since there’s no somatosensory receptor in viscera, there is no itch or a temperature

Somatically innervated by the spinal nerve and autonomically innervated by cranial nerves

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23
Q

Trigeminal nucleus and which nerves

A

Spinal nucleus is for pain and temperature
Pontine nucleus is for position and light touch
Mesencephalic nucleus is for muscle spindle input

Glossopharyngeal and facial and Trigeminal

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24
Q

Nociceptive versus neuropathic: because of neurons, nerves, spinal cord

A

Neuropathic because it is a disease of the nervous system

Burns

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25
Q

Which cranial nerves are part of the CNS

A

Olfactory and Optic

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26
Q

Numerous unmyelinated axons not a single nerve

bipolar neurons replaced monthly

No nuclei in brain stem

A

Olfactory nerve
Cell body within olfactory mucosa via cribriform plate

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27
Q

Ganglion cells of retina

A

Optic n.
Optic canal via pterygopalatine fossa

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28
Q

Cavernous sinus had

A

3 4 5 6 CN

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29
Q

Cranial nerve

A

Motor CN 3,4,6,11,12
Sensory CN 1,2,8
Mixed CN 5 (mandibular n), 7, 9, 10

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30
Q

Longest CN
Largest CN
Smallest CN

A

Vagus long
Trigeminal large
Trochlear smallest and crosses

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31
Q

Cervical ventroflex common in

A

Cats - shows sign of motor unit disease

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32
Q

most common polyneuropathy of dogs

A

Acute polyradiculoneuritis
Coonhound paralysis

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33
Q

Differentials for acute flaccid paralysis

A

Accute polyradiculoneuritis
Botulism
Tick paralysis
Acute/fulminant myasthenia gravis

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34
Q

Which cranial nerves are for taste

A

Facial grossopharyngeal vagus

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35
Q

Sweet Taste
And sour

A

Sour- hydrogen ion channel
Sweet and umami - gpcr for sodium channel

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36
Q

The organ of CORTI

A

The sensory epithelium, that’s in the cochlea of the inner ear that senses sound. It is lined with hair cells on the basilar membrane that are moved by a tectorial membrane.

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37
Q

Do hair cells regenerate

A

No, they don’t and high frequency hair cells are lost first they are closer to the oval window

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38
Q

The anterior semicircular canal

A

The anterior semicircular canal is for nodding
The posterior semicircular canal is for wiggling side to side
The lateral semicircular canal is for saying no

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39
Q

With the otolith organs, the saccule is vertical and the utricle is horizontal

A

So, when moving forward and backward, there is no effect on the saccule, but the utricle changes
Moving up and down, there is an effect in the saccule

When the sterocillium move towards the Kinocilium, then it is a change in the utricle -horizontal

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40
Q

What type of atrophy is seen with upper motor neuron disease?

A

Disuse atrophy
Lower motor neuron disease has neurogenic atrophy, which is more severe and acute

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41
Q

Cervical vertebrae to spinal cord segments

A

There are seven cervical vertebrae, and there are eight spinal cord segments in the cervical region

42
Q

Define opisthotonus

A

Star gazing happens with decerebrate posture

43
Q

Facial nerve is

A

motor to muscle of facial expression (different from muscles of mastication), sensory to the inner ear pinnea, has parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal gland

44
Q

No menance and no palpebral is a

A

facial n prob

45
Q

Motor to the soft palate and pharyngeal muscles

A

Vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve
10 motor to larynx esophagus with 11 (accessory)
9 caudal 1/3 toungue taste

46
Q

Lateral thoracic Herve

A

Panicles reflex - cutaneous trunk reflex from C8 - T1

47
Q

Axonotmesis

A

Separation of axons from the cell body, but the structures that are supporting are intact

48
Q

A motor unit

A

Lower motor neuron
neuromuscular junction
Muscle fibers that the neuron innervates

49
Q

Test for diffuse neuromuscular disease

A

Electrodiagnostic like ECG
Muscle or nerve biopsy - will be able to see nerve in muscle biopsy
-look at myelination and denervation
CT or MRI
CSF
Ck

50
Q

Neuronopathy axonopathy demyelination

A

Neuronopathy: primary injury to cell body, secondary demyelination.
• Axonopathy: primary injury to axon, secondary demyelination.
• Demyelination: Primary loss of myelin, no change to axon.

51
Q

Dysautonomia

A

Degenerative autonomic disease the leads to lack of salivation slow hr large eye pupils (mydriasis)

52
Q

Central nervous system is
Peripheral nervous system is

A

CNS Susceptible to injury, and is protected by bony structures

PNS is not acceptable to injury, so it is not protected by bony structures

53
Q

Which cells are susceptible to injury

A

Neurons are most susceptible to injury because they are the most metabolically active in the CNS
Then it is the glial cells, which are the astrocytes that provide structural support, oligodendrocytes that create myelin, and microglia that clean up as phagocytic cells
Lastly, it is the blood vessels

54
Q

Types of edema in the neuronal parenchyma

A

Vasogenic, which is around the blood vessels MOST COMMON BRAIN EDEMA
Cytotoxic which is intracellular edema
Interstitial, which is between the ependymal cells and the Nueurophil

55
Q

Most common location for congenital hydrocephalus

A

Mesencephalic aqueduct

56
Q

Hydroencephaly vs hydraencephaly

A

Hydroencep is fluid in the ventricular system, which can be communicating or not communicating

Hydroencep is fluid within the cerebrum which causes necrosis
Hi, I ran through the cerebrum

57
Q

where is polioencephalomalacia?

A

It is commonly in the laminar grey of cerebral cortex. It is different in large and small animals for the pathogenesis.
In large animals, it is thiamine deficiency, salt, poisoning, or lead toxicosis
In small animals, it is seizure activity, or hypoglycemia, which limits the supply of energy that neurons get in the cerebral cortex causing necrosis

58
Q

Equine Leuko encephalomalacia

A

Moldy corn disease that’s from mycotoxin FUSARIUM, which causes asymmetric bilateral lesions in the white matter

59
Q

Thiamine deficiency in carnivore versus ruminant

A

And ruminants it is polio encephalomalacia, which is in the cerebral cortex
In carnivores, it is because of excess thiaminase which causes necrosis along the caudal colliculi

60
Q

High carbohydrates can cause enterotoxemia

A

Clostridium perfringens D causes symmetric bilateral lesions in white and gray matter

61
Q

Poliomyelomalacia in pigs

A

A result of selenium toxicosis in pigs. It is when the spinal Grey Matter in the ventral horn softens add the cervical and lumbar intumescence.
Focal and bilateral symmetric

62
Q

What % of brain ischemia cause cell damage

A

60%

63
Q

Ischemia in brain susceptible regions?

A

Hippocampus
Punkirje. Cells in cerebellum
Thalami and basal nuclei

64
Q

Perivascular cuffing or inflammation around a blood vessel

A

Listeria and sheep with polioencephalomalacia and viruses like distemper

65
Q

Reaction patterns For infectious diseases

A

For bacteria, it’s neutrophils and suppertive abscess
Intracellular bacteria it is pyogranulomatous with neutrophils and macrophages
Viruses it is perivascular cuffing with lymphocytes
Fungi it is pyo granulomatous.

66
Q

Necrotizing meningoencephalitis

A

In pugs and small dogs, necrosis asymmetrical

67
Q

Necrotizing LuekoEncephalitis

A

Happens in Yorkshire terriers, and it is the white matter

68
Q

Wallarian degeneration is axon swelling bc of injury or spinal cord cause of compression

A

Myelin sheath dilate
Spheroid where axon swells
Microglia is gitter cells

69
Q

Cervical stenotic myelopathy

A

When dynastic YOUNGER c3-c5 the pelvic is worse than the thoracic limbs or
static c5-c7 OLDER 1-5yr pelvic and thoracic limbs are both the same

The sagittal ratio of less than 50
Definitively diagnosed with a milogram

Slow, bone growth, and improve metabolism by giving different diet to increase the width of the spinal canal

Central vertebral fusion that improves 1 to 2 grades
Spinal white matter because it’s what is being compressed mostly

70
Q

Thoracolumbar nephro, spinal cord, tumor of dog

A

It is an ectopic growth on the spinal cord where it’s kidney cells instead of spinal cord it is in t9 L3

71
Q

Degenerative myelopathy in horses and dogs have different ideology

A

In horses, it is because of vitamin K deficiency
And dogs it’s all dog disease where the pelvic limbs become weaker with age it happens in the thiracolumbar region

72
Q

Spondylitis is

A

Secondary to bone infection or tumor expansion. It is on the ventral aspect of the vertebra and its bony proliferation.

73
Q

If you see multiple punctate areas of lysis in a radiograph of a spine

A

It could be multiple myeloma is a plasma cell tumor from the bone marrow
Or it could be metastatic or secondary tumor, because it is polystotic

74
Q

Chondroid Metaplasia versus fibroid metaplasia

Where does invertible disc herniation occur?

A

Chondroid Metaplasia goes with a cute invertible disc disease when the nucleus pulposus ruptures

Fibroid metaplasia is with chronic and vertebral disc disease when there still degeneration of the nucleus and annulus fibrosis, but there is no rupture

After T 10

75
Q

Spondylosis deformans vs disco spondylitis
Invertibral disc extrusion

A

Both are at the end plates of the vertebra
Spondylosis deformans is a proliferation
Disco spondylitis is a lysis, but I can have spondylosis deformans
Invertebral disc extrusion is when the intervertebral space is narrower

76
Q

Which is better for CNS lesions MRI or CT

A

MRI to look at the soft tissue without mineralization
- flair to suppress csf signal
- stir suppress fat signal
- Fast Field Echo for detecting hemorrhage

CT: bone, lung and abdomen and tumors -oncology

77
Q

Cutaneous trunk region

A

C8-T1

78
Q

Neuropraxia vs neurotmesis

A

Where it is transient vs the axon is severed with the supporting structures too (endoneurium and Schwann cells)

79
Q

Symmetric paraparesis common in cats with abnormal Schwann cell function

A

Diabetic polyneuropathy

80
Q

Diff motor unit disease caused by

A

Poly neuropathy like polyradiculoneuritis in dogs
Junctionopathy like myasthenia gravis (bad prog with dialated esophagus)
Myopathy

81
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Loss of dystrophin protein, with increased creatine, kinase and poor, prognosis with continued muscle weakness

82
Q

Congenital, myotonia, and dogs and cats

A

The muscles, hyper trophy in the tongue, or in the body and form a dimple when hit with a hammer
General stiffness
Improves with exercise, unlike other myopathy’s that caused diffuse motor problems

83
Q

Bilateral jaw drop and inability to close mouth With unilateral temporalis atrophy

Unilateral jaw/facial droop + dry lacrimal

Bilateral temporalis atrophy and cant open mouth

A

Bilateral jaw drop and inability to close mouth With unilateral temporalis atrophy - trigeminal neuritis

Unilateral jaw/facial droop + dry lacrimal - facial nerve

Bilateral temporalis atrophy and cant open mouth - mastication myositis 2M

84
Q

Conductive : Failure of sound transmission - cant get into ear
Sensorineural : Fail to transduce by organ of corti

A

Cochlear hearing loss

85
Q

Hypothyroidism = associated with

A

CN 5, 7, 8

86
Q

Laryngeal, adductor, responsory test, or the slap test and horses

A

When the withers are slapped, and the larynx will twitch and contract
Need an endoscope, but it helps identify vagus, nerve and cervical spinal cords

87
Q

Equine degenerative, Myelencephalopathy

A

Symmetric hypermetria ataxia, and it’s often worse in the pelvic limbs
It’s because of a lack of vitamin E, that causes problems to the spinal cord and brain stem
White and gray matter 

88
Q

Trevor versus tetany

A

A tremor will be when a contraction and relaxation is happening back-and-forth BOTULISM

Tetany is going to be when there’s only contraction of the muscles and firing of action potentials TETANY

89
Q

Most common mycosis in the CNS

A

CRYPTOCOCICUS

90
Q

MYCOSIS :Diagnosis and tx

A

CRYPTO Cat
Infiltration of mining’s by fungi that passes via cribriform plate
Nasal granduloma and draining tract with Roman nose -sample NOT SX
Cutaneous on skin and pinna
Enlarged lymph nodes
Ocular blindness bc of granduloma in eye
Pulmonary in the lungs

CRYPTO Horse
Pulmonary
Nasal granduloma -SX

Directly see the fungi is ideal but if not
Antigen testing great - done in crypto (serum) , histo and blasto
• histo and blasto (urine) cant be differentiated so can do Antibody test with it
Antibody test is for coccidi
Crypto= fluconazole
Blasto/histo/ coccidio= itraconazole

91
Q

Salt toxicosis causes

A

Cerebra edema and polioencephalomalacia
Swine, only: perivascular eosinophilic cuffing !!!!!

92
Q

Yellow buckeye Aesculus

A

Wont cause death no tx
Goose stepping - nuts toxin

93
Q

What forces the brain to herniate Caudalie

A

Osseous tentorium

94
Q

Infratrochlear n in nasocillary n in ophthalmic n that is CN 5

A

Infratrochlear n is for dehorning small ruminant
Cornual n of zygomaticotemporal n via zygomatic n. From Maxillary n. is for dehorning bovine

95
Q

Facial nerve via stylomastoid supplies___of tongue and parasympathetic to the__

A

Facial nerve supplies_rostral 2/3__of tongue and parasympathetic to the_lacrimal gland_
With CN 8 Vestibulococchlear : petrous part of temporal bone

96
Q

Occulomotor n is
Facial n is -

A

Occulomotor n is to support and open eye (PLR)
Facial n is - to close eye (menance, palpebral)

97
Q

What is the caudal 1/3 of tongue sensory tastes

A

Glossopharyngeal 9

98
Q

Polioencephalomalacia
Equine leukoencephalomalacia
Enterotoxemia
Poliomalacia of pigs

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis

Grandulomatous meningoencephalitis
Necrotizing meningoencephalitis
Necrotizing leukoencephalitis

A
99
Q

Toxoplasma

A

Tigers for Igm high or igg over 2 wk increase

100
Q

Cervical Stenotic myelopathy

A

Symmetric weakness, ataxia and hypometria in the pelvic and thoracic limbs
– Compression of the upper cervical spinal cord region (C1-C5) causes pelvic limb signs to be one grade worse than thoracic limb signs
– Compression of the lower cervical spinal cord region (C5-C7) causes thoracic limb signs to be the same or worse than the pelvic limb signs

101
Q

Mechanism of neuropathic pain

A

• Abnormal generation of action potentials by nociceptors
• Decreased threshold for action potentials in first order sensory neurons
• Loss of inhibitory interconnections in the spinal cord or brain
• Activation or attack of the nervous system by immune cells
• CNS sensitization to pain signals
• Abnormal neural pathways

102
Q

Gliomas blend with

A

Adjacent tissue
Oligodendrocyte or astrocytes

Sensing And Seeing (6 decks)

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