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Sensing And Seeing > SS 4 > Flashcards

SS 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Name trauma dermatitis (2)

A

Pyotraumatic dermatitis and intertrigo

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2
Q

What is the cause of ischemic necrosis or erosion skin - vasculitis
What is the underlying causes

A

• Common underlying etiologies in animals bc VASCULITIS HAS :
Infectious diseases: RMSF, Ehrlichiosis, bacterial sepsis
Adverse reaction: vaccination, drugs
Autoimmune diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, cold agglutinin disease

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3
Q

No need to susceptibility test surface pyoderma

A

Bc susceptibility testing looks at the concentration of drug in the serum- with topicals it doesn’t need to be done

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4
Q

Where is intertrigo

A

Its between skinfolds due to friction
Anatomical so long term treatment or surgery
Lip vulva facial tail (screw)

Inter tri (skin) go (the friction)

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5
Q

Most common epithelial cancer of dogs and cat

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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6
Q

Would a skin biopsy or cytology diagnose :
Squamous cell carcinoma ulcerative
Lymphoma

A

Skin biopsy:
Squamous cell carcinoma
Lymphoma

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7
Q

Where to never skin biopsy?

A

Ulcer or erosion ~ no epidermis/ no stratum basale there

GOOD
Biopsy 30% ulcer 70% normal for DLE

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8
Q

Pemphigus foliaceus vs cut. Lupus Erythematosis

A

Pf
- affect desmosones

Cle
- affect basal cells

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9
Q

Difference b/w mcle and DLE

A

DLE is only nasal planum
MCLE is many more locations
- @Anogenital (57%) Perioral (43%) Periocular (29%) Nose (19%)

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10
Q

What breeds get Vesicular cutaneous lupus erythematosus (VCLE)

A

Shetland shepherds
Rough collies
Border collies

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11
Q

ONLY LUPUS W : generalized scaling and thinning of hair
And joint pain that causes lameness

A

E xfoliative cutaneous lupus erythematosis

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12
Q

Scaling and hyperkeratosis is caused by:

A

Majority scaling and hyperkeratosis is caused by underlying disease that increases inflammation → stimulating epidermal turnover

Treat underlying dx
- managed not cured if genetic cornification abnormal

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13
Q

Normal flora of the skin:

A

Mainly gram positive
- coagulase negative staph. (Epidermidis)
Also some gram negative and low yeast (malassezia pachydermatis)

Transient:
Gram positive: S. psuedintermedius and S. Aureus
Gram negative : e.coli and P. Aeruginosa

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14
Q

Defense mechanism of skin

A

Dryness of skin and acidic pH of skin and cool temperature
Hair and stratum corneum
Desquamation : sloughing of the keratinized cells
Resident and transient becateria in stratum corneum and distal part of sweat glands and follicles
Secretions of the Holocrine sebaceous glands and apocrine glands have toxic lipids and intracellular seal
Skin immune system with langerhans cells which are dendritic antigen presenting cells in epidermis

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15
Q

Is pyoderma pus in skin is a primary or secondary disease

A

It is a secondary disease
- to S. Psuedintermedius
Or S. Shleiferi or S. Aureus

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16
Q

Does the superficial epidermis have bacteria?

A

NO
Bacteria is only of the surface
None in superficial epidermis or deep dermis

but pyoderma can be in all the layers
- Surface and Superficial have Coagulase positive Staph infections (S. Pseudinter)
- Dermis has S. Pseudinter +/-other

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17
Q

Surface pyoderma vs superficial pyoderma

A

Surface pyoderma:
Intertrigo- skin fold
Pyotraumatic dermatitis -(happens due to allergic reaction, otitis externa, matted hair, Ectoparasite (FAD))
Mucocutaneous pyoderma
DIAG: impression smear —> Methylene blue or diffQuik
Treatment: Topical tx

Superficial pyoderma:
Impetigo/ Puppy pyoderma - under the corneum in hairless area
Superficial bacterial folliculitis - start in hair follicle as papule -> pustule -> epidermal collarette
DIAG: presumptive diagnosis on Signalment/history/signs
- If not responsive to antibiotic then culture a intact pustule
Treatment: Topical tx
systemic anti-staphylococcal antibiotic if Methicillin resistant staphylococcus —>multi-drug resistance
If oral antibiotics then for 3weeks or 1 week more than clinical resolution

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18
Q

pathogenesis of the mycobacterial skin infections, the organisms that cause these infections, their virulence factors, the types and locations of lesions they cause and an approach to diagnosis

A
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19
Q

Deep pyoderma [Panniculitis, Cellulitis 2ndary to parasites, abscess]

A

Starts in hair follicle like folliculitis then goes to the dermis and involves

DIAG: Deep pyoderma include gram postitive and negative and it is a combination infection —> Punch biopsy without skin
- Helps with culture and hispathology

Treatment: Systemic antibiotic w/ C/S test -
-treat for two weeks after resolution
Approach treatment differently : S psuedintermedius and E. coli Pseudomona aeruginosa and proteus are all resistant/Not predictably susceptible

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20
Q

Pustular dermatitis

A

Streptococci in young pigs causes pastures on posterior ventral abdomen (inguinal region)

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21
Q

Name bacteria that affect immune naive young piglets

A

Steptococci- NF that causes pustules on the ventral posterior part of the pig
Staph. Hycius - NF causes exudative dermatitis in young

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22
Q

Rain scald is transmitted when

A

There is a moist environment and this opportunistic pathogen goes from the fomites or carriers
- filamentous rods —> branching pattern

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23
Q

What is a bacteria that is shed by carriers or the environment —> then ingested

A

Diamond skin disease
Skin manifestation of systemic disease that causes septicimia, joint pain bc of immune complexes and myocardial disease
In tonsils of carriers that pigs ingest

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24
Q

3 bacteria that cause foot rot in SHEEP and which causes separation of the wall (HINT: Damn NO)

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum causes the initial interdigital dermatitis and then Diechlobacter nodosus enter with pilli and protease to separate the horn
D. Nodosus is unique to sheep

Truperella pyogenes also plays a role in this

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25
Q

Foot rot in cattle is still interdigital dermatitis

A

It comes from wet environment/ feces and is Fusobacterium necrophorum mainly

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26
Q

Panniculitis syndrome with fast growing mycobacteria

A

Mycobacteria introduced into fat by trauma
Survive within macrophages in the fat - down regulate MHC molecule expression
Fat provides triglycerides for growth and protects them from host immune response

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27
Q

For Mycobacteria Cutaneous nodules made in Canine leproid granduloma syndrome and feline leprosy syndrome Diagnose with

A

Fine needle aspirate of intact nodule

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28
Q

Staphylococci - Whats the big deal with the non-responsiveness

A

Facultative intracellular parasites
Antimicrobial resistance
Biofilm production

If NOT RESPONDING TO EMPIRIC TX THEN C/S and TREAT FOR EXTENDED TIME

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29
Q

4 stages of wound healing

A
  1. Hemostasis- platelet and fibrin clot <12 hrs
    — Vasoconstriction
    — platelet degranulate and release GF and cytokines to recruit leukocytes [macrophages and leukocytes]
  2. Inflammation : cell recruitment and tissue debridement
    — vasodilation - diapedesis of the neutrophils within 48hrs and macrophages at 3-5 days = protease released
    —macrophages recruit fibroblast and mesenchymal cells
  3. Proliferation: [4-21 days] granulation tissue and myofibroblasts lay disorganized collagen as scaffold
    granulation tissue 5 days
    — build on scaffold with fibroblasts and epithelial cells
  4. Remodel: myofibroblast and fibroblast [3mo to 2yrs]
    — more collagen deposition increases strength
    — macrophages
    epithelialization and wound contraction
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30
Q

Horse photosensitization - reacting to UV light

A

Restless—> erythema—> blister—> scab/leathery skin
1. Photodynamic plants
2. Photosensitizing plants with liver damage (plant/drug)
- not clearing phyloerrythrin

Check liver values on biochem

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31
Q

FIrst intention would healing

A

Would healing with surgical closure

PRIMARY CLOSURE: <6 hrs
- approach and treat non-contaminated spay or non-traumatic wound
Help with all stages hemostasis

DELAYED PRIMAY CLOSURE: 1-4 days
before granulation tissue @5 days
Remove bad tissue
Help with Inflammation

SECONDARY CLOSURE: >/= 5 days
Have to decontaminate then close with granulation tissue
Help with proliferative stage

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32
Q

Second intention wound healing

A

Happens without surgical closure:
Mainly by 2 steps :
Epithelialization and Contraction
That happen together on top of granulation tissue

Wound reduced in size mainly due to contraction

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33
Q

Which stages of wound healing do veterinarians help with

A

Inflammation
Otherwise delayed wound healing [prolonged inflammation]
- remove the necrotic tissue!! ONLY IF IT IS DEAD looks like leather

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34
Q

Septic Arthritis in horse

A

Is an emergency
Happens because of iatrogenic or penetrating wound to the joint and FPT —> severe lameness

Clinically: Heat, swollen joints, grade 4/5 lameness (if not acute )

Treat with regional antibiotics (use a tourniquet and 30mins of aminoglycosides and ceftiofur)
LAVAGE and drainage

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35
Q

Factors that cause delayed wound healing in horses
Why is the wound not healing???

A

Infection:
Bacteria ie. Clostridium
Parasitic - Habronema
Fungus- Pythiosis - oomyces in water

Cell transformation: epithelial cells become squamous cell carcinoma and sarcoid

Organic debris [causes that dirty wound—> inc healing time]

Sequestrum - common

Motion cause the wound to open up [dehise] —> crack the granulation tissue (so post 5 days)

Foreign body: mainly wood seen best by ultrasound

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36
Q

Treatment of wound healing in horse

A

Mainly:
First intention (mainly primary closure)- for face or limb with cast Second intention for large wounds - ventral region or lower limb where there will be increased scar

NEVER SCRUB OR HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Chlorohex and Iodine solutions and saline or tap water -LAVAGE

Avoid exuberant granulation tissue

Skin graft - on top of granulation tissue

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37
Q

Which will take longer to heal? Primary intention or secondary intention and which will have more of a scar

A

The secondary intention because of the contraction and epithelial proliferation

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38
Q

Proud flesh

A

Def. Exuberant prolif of granulation tissue

Caused by dysfunctional fibroplasia or chronic inflammation

Happens on lower limb of ponies

Stop this with triamcisione ointment the stops prolif. And to this before it gets severe

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39
Q

Diagnose septic arthritis

A

Ultrasound and the synovial fluid
- neutrophils and nucleated cells and protein and foamy yellow fluid

NOT rads

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40
Q

Most common manifestation of Skin disease._ horse

A

PRURITIS

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41
Q

Most common allergic dermatitis In horses

A

Hypersensitivity to midges saliva_ culiocoides.
Maine tail and ventral midline alopecia

Tx with management, and corticosteroids (topical mainly bc long term)

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42
Q

Are antihistamines useful in horses?

A

Not useful in horses, dogs, cats

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43
Q

Most common nodular condition in horse

A

Nodular necrobiosis -can be caused by injections- firm nodules that are painless

Dont have to test with biopsy -just clinical signs

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44
Q

Most common tumor in horse

A

SARCOID which is locally invasive but not metastatic
—due to bovine papilloma virus that does not regress

A malignant sarcoid —has multiple tumor types in one animal

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45
Q

Pastern dermatitis

A

Scratches is in the caudal pastern and heel due to environment (damp conditions or poor feces management or sharp grass when walking)

This is a secondary problem —>tx 1st prob

Check fungal culture, impression smear, liver values, skin scrape ALWAYS

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46
Q

Which horse skin diseases to treat with steroids?

A

Nodular necrobiosis : systemic
Scratches- Pastern dermatitis : topically + On top of treating the environment
Pemphigus foliaceus with aggressive dexamethasone or prednisolone systemically laminitis
Atopy- exclusion diagnosis : systemic
Culicoides allergy - fly midge : topical or systemic

47
Q

Path: Ddx for the mucus membrane pemphigoid

A

This is subepidermal cleft immune mediated cleft - so it includes the Stratum basale and lifts below it
The differential is Bullous pemphigoid which is at the head and ears and back

Differential clinically

48
Q

Which forms cleft more deep/ Suprabasilar cleft?

A

Pemphigus vulgaris which lifts above the dermis

PF=. Subcorneal cleft

49
Q

Orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis vs parakeratotic hyperkeratosis
Exudate/ulcer

A

Orthokeratotis hyperkeratosis : when normal cells that dont retain nuclei are undergoing stratum corneum hyperplasia

Parakeratotic hyperkeratosis : cells that abnormally retained their nuclei are undergoing hyperplasia
- Zinc responsive dermatosis
- Superficial necrolytic dermatitis where there is Hepatocutaneous syndrome- honey comb

50
Q

With allergies what are you going to see on histopath for epidermis and dermis

A

In the epidermis it will be exudative ulcerative dermatitis
And in dermis it is perivascular dermatitis -inflammation aroung blood vessel

BOTH are not good for histo path

51
Q

Interface dermatitis vs lichenoid dermatitis

A

Interface dermatitis is when there is primary stratum basal keratinocyte death followed by inflammation of the epidermis-dermis junction
- Lupus diseases
- Erythema multiformes : all cells of epidermis die before
Lichenoid dermatitis is when there is inflammation at the junction but no death
- Ex. Uveodermatolofic syndrome because macrophages are immune mediated and cause inflammation to melanin the junction

52
Q

Staph aureus can cause what kind of infection in birds

A

Bumble foot- even though it is normal flora due to trauma
— Cause of pododermatitis too - perching on bad stick

53
Q

Blow fly strike

A

Eat necrotic tissue - ivermectin spray for fly

54
Q

Greasy pig disease

A

S. Hyicus ~ young+ immunocomp pigs

55
Q

Main reason the pigs scratch

A

Sarcopric mange
Aways treat the ears with amitraz inject with ivermectin

56
Q

Which type of drugs try to reach therapeutic concentrations in plasma

A

Systemic and transdermal

57
Q

Will lipophilic or hydrophilic drugs be absorbed systemically to tx skin better

A

Both will treat and reach the appropriate concentration
Lipophilic takes longer to get there and stays there longer

58
Q

Should you give very potent drug transdermally

When not to use

A

Yes and a moderately lipophilic drug with low molecular weight

Not great for systemic infection, severe disease, not for emergency

59
Q

Transdermal drug : Mirtazapine and flunixin and flea/tick

A

Cat: Mirtazapine weight loss in cat transdermal in ear

Beef: Only drug that is approved for analgesia in food animal: transdermal flunixin

Methimazole : for hyperthyroid
— oral is more effective with GI effects

60
Q

Can you cut a fentanyl patch?

A

No dummy
Shave to put patch on, it is systemic Near incision

61
Q

Can we use topical antimicrobials for..

A

Superficial bacterial folliculitis and otitis externa - topical alone with frequent administration ‘
— if glabrous (hairless)
As shampoo or ointment

NOT wound healing
NOT deep pyoderma

62
Q

Topical antimicrobials
◦ Chlorhexidine
◦ Benzoyl peroxide
◦ Nitrofurans
◦ Mupirocin
◦ Silver sulfadiazine
◦ Otic

A

Chlorhexidine
— broad spectrum [fungal bacteria protozoa] and shampoo
— bonus or intrauterine in horses and cattle

Benzoyl peroxide
—Broad spec- reduce skin roils and open pores [bacteria and fungi]

Nitrofurans
—Gram positive and negative [Furazone] and hypersensitivity in people
— not in food animal

Mupirocin
— KEY: anti-staphylococcal (MRSP)- can get these gram positives —> dogs FDA approval

Silver sulfadiazine
— Antifungal for wounds and incisions
— animal burns. (Cat in car engine)

63
Q

Otic drugs

A

Otic
◦ Antibiotic + antifungal + anti-inflammatory ◦ Otitis externa

Batril otic: Enrofloxacin (floroquinolone) and silver sulfadiazine
—Gram positive and negative and fungus

Mometamax: Gentamicin (aminoglycocide can cause ototoxicity if ear drum ruptured so DONT use this class of antibiotic) + mometasone (Steroid)+ clotrimazole (anti-fungal)
—Use steroid in infected area of ear and minimal systemic absorption and anti-inflam effect
—not if ruptured ear drum
—treat P. Aeuginosa

Which doesn’t get pseudomonas?
Claro: Florfenicol + terbinafine + mometasone
—Amphenicol antibacterial, steroid, allylamine antifungal
— Not if P. Aeruginosa
—Not for ruptured ear drum

64
Q

Antihistamines
FIRST : Diphenhydramine - Benadryl® Hydroxyzine Chlorpheniramine

SECOND: Loratadine – Claritin® Cetirizine - Zyrtec® Fexofenadine - Allegra®

A

First-generation drugs cross the BBB CAUSE DROWSINESS

not great for atopy or systemic prob
— Antihistamines are used for uncomplicated reaction and to avoid induction of allergic tx with pos mast cell
For anaphylactic : Dex and epinephrine

If overdose on benadryl : then CNS signs overactive - opposite the normal

OTC drug with H1
— not decongestant Claritin with Pseudoephedrine

65
Q

How many vessels are in a ruminant ear

A

3 vessels:
One big vein and 2 peripheral arteries so careful ear tagging

66
Q

What is the main ear artery in a dog

A

It is a branch of the external carotid called caudal auricular artery

67
Q

Nerves of the ear

A

Auricular nerve of the auriculopalpebral nerve which is a motor aspect of the facial n. (Stylomastoid)

Auricular nerve of the auriculotemporal nerve which is sensory which is sensory of the mandibular n. (Oval foramen)

Vagus nerve (Sensory) is via joining with the auricular n of the facial nerve

facial nerve does sensory and motor of ear

C2 -second cervical nerve that provides sensory

68
Q

What do antifungal tx do

A

Attack the ergosterol cell wall
Grisofulvin -ring worm

Both in system for long time
Intraconazole
Terbinafine

69
Q

What antibacterial to start with for systemic tx

A

Beta lactatam and Clindamycin and potentiated sulfonamides

THEN 3rd gen cephalosporins (cefovecin/ cefpodoxime)!!!

70
Q

Glucocorticoids at an immunosuppressive dose

Side effects

A

Inflammatory autoimmune diseases- more steroids for longer period of time
• immune suppression requires higher dose of steroid and then weaning down
High doses cause skin disease
• Skin thinning
• Cartilage breakdown
• Hyperadrenocortisicm (cushing)
• Alopecia
• Increasing risk of secondary skin disease
Severe Injection site reaction due to high dose Of depomedrol- anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive dose

71
Q

Synergism of Cyclosporine

A

It is for ocular tx and Atopic dermatitis = stops the T cell lymphocytic infiltration

With ketoconazole which inhibits CYP450 and p-glycoprotein efflux pumps —> there is more concen of the cyclosporine

Bad for diabetics and cause hirsutism and GI

72
Q

Alternatives of systemic glucocorticoids :

A

Both block IL-31 which causes pruritis:
1. Apoquel Oclacitinib: Culicoides in horses, allergic Derm in dogs and non-food/flea cats
2. Cytopoint Lokivetmab: monoclonal antibody so injected every 4-6 weeks
— species specific
— spread via lymphatics and immune tx for multiple admin

73
Q

common dermatology disorders of ferrets

A

Ferrets:
Adrenal disease!
— no gonads and no negative feed back to pituatary glands: the adrenal glands produce excess sex hormone (no prob with cortisol)
—Diag: age/signalment/clinical sign
—Signs : ALOPECIA and PRURITUS and swollen vulva or enlarged prostate (straining to pee) and Behavior change (sweet or aggressive)

Cyclical tail alopecia: hair loss on tail one and off- unknown path

Alopecia of prolonged estrus: gills stay in heat when not spayed —> estrogen suppress bone marrow —> petechia and low platelet/hematocrit

TUMOR common mast cell tumor - BENIGN with histamine granules

Basal cell tumors: benign

Ectoparasite: get cat flea (C. Felis), ear mites anything that tx cats

Distemper : hyperkeratosis —> WILL DIE—>euthanasia

74
Q

common species of dermatophytes that can infect pocket pets

A

Ferret ringworm : Microsporum canis
Young animal- ringworm
Shampoo and is zoonotic

Rabbit and guinea pig (rodent), chinchilla, mice, hedgehog, and rat ringworm: Trichophyton mentagrophyte

75
Q

3 questions every practitioner should ask of themselves when presented with a mini-mammal with a skin disorder

A

Is it contagious to the other animals or colony?
Is it zoonotic?
IS the skin showing something that is underlying disease-ie adrenal disease in ferrets?

76
Q

recognize the similar diagnostic techniques used in both mini-mammals and other species such as dogs, cats and horses

A

Skin scrap
Fungal culture on DTM

77
Q

common dermatology disorders of rabbits

A

Lagomorph
Cheyletiella fur mite - tape prep- patchy alopecia and pruritis
— ZOONOTIC

Fleas: no frontline on rabbits use advantage or revolution -main cause of alopecia

Myiasis: fly strike and cuterebra - dirty and attract flies

Moist dermatitis: Dulap neck fat is wet

Subcutaneous access

Ulcerative pododermatitis: neglect and filth

78
Q

common dermatology disorders of guinea pig

A

Lice
Sarcoptes
Cervical lymphadenitis
Ulcerative pododermatitis- filth like with rabbit
Ovarian cyst- symmetric
vitamin C deficiency

79
Q

Common tumors:

A

Dog and cat: Squamous cell carcinoma (more in cat than dog)
Horse: Sarcoid, melanoma
Ferret: mast cell tumor
Ruminant: squamous cell carcinoma

80
Q

Which disease has ulcerative and exudative dermatitis with a honey comb liver

A

Superficial Necrolytic dermatitis
—low serum amino acids
—on the superficial layer of the epidermis

Pos. Liver disease

81
Q

Why does 2° bacterial furunculosis occur?

A

Commonly occurs because of superficial pyoderma that reaches the dermis and causes bleeding and pain

if it is recurrent usually related to a underlying disease just like superficial pyoderma is if it’s recurrent
- check for demodex

82
Q

Which neoplasias to biopsy vs cytology?

A

Biopsy - cutaneous lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma both are ulcerative

Cytology - lipoma, histiocytoma sebaceous adenoma and mast cell tumor (nodular)

With mast cell tumor and sebaceous adenoma it helps to have biopsy histopath to help grade and determine prognosis

83
Q

What Does the prognosis of mast cell depend on

A

The biopsy histopath grading
Not cytology
Not the number of tumors

84
Q

Infectious Nodules and draining tracts are caused by

A

Deep pyodermas - S. Psuedintermedius or S. Shleferi

Bacterial furunculosis - 2ndary to superficial dermatitis or 3 days after grooming
Acral lick - compulsive licking due to underlying prob causes alopecia and deep pyoderma
Callus pyoderma - where the pair is pushed in at points of friction at elbow or hock

85
Q

If there is no pruritis then is it allergies?

A

No, it may no be atoptic dermatitis

86
Q

What regulates immune system so it doesn’t overreact to stimuli?

A

Regulatory t cells which is messed up in atopic derm

87
Q

Most common food allergen in dogs and cats

A

Beef - proteins

88
Q

Why ere hydrolyzed diets belter?

A

Small proven petidides allergens so can’t attach 2 IgE molecules on most cell to degranulate

89
Q

Only way to rule out food allergy

A

Elimination trial

The diagnosis of food allergy is confirmed when the pruritus resolved with an elimination diet, relapsed upon a diet challenge and resolved again when the elimination diet is re-fed

8wk to diagnose food allergy

90
Q

What is the serum allergy test useful for diagnosis?

A

NOTHING- cant diagnose Food allergy or atopic dermatitis

Use it after the elimination trial and Alfred ruling out the infectious, endocrine, ectoparasites

For AD: it helps with individualized immunotherapy treatment by narrowing the pros allergens

91
Q

Lokivermab species?

A

Cytopoint injection for dog

NEVER cats

92
Q

Most common skin reaction in cat caused by

A

Flea bite hypersensitivity

93
Q

Do you treat the secondary bacterial infection first or diagnose and treat the feline atopic skin syndrome

A

Treat the secondary bacterial infection first, so that it is easier to assess the feline atopic syndrome
Ear and skin cytology Hass to be done with fass

94
Q

Atopic dermatitis in dogs versus cats

A

Both are a diagnosis of exclusion
Both have to be ruled out from food allergy dermatitis

In dogs, you can use allergen specific immuno therapy as a treatment
In cats use glucocorticoids and taper the dose

95
Q

Side effects of steroids in cats specifically

A

Diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, thinning of skin
Cushing’s
Immunosuppression

96
Q

Clinical signs of feline atopic skin syndrome

A

Miliary dermatitis, which are papules surrounded by crusT
Eosinophilic granuloma complex, which is rodent ulcers plaques, causing secondary bacterial infection
Head and neck pruritus
Self induced alopecia

These give a differential diagnosis for FASS
FLEA ALLERGY, DERMATITIS, OR HYPERSENSITIVITY
Food allergy dermatitis
Ectoparasites

97
Q

What’s the most common cause of chronic otitis externa in dogs and cats?

A

Allergy and atopy

98
Q

Otitis externa can be caused by

A

Primary factors like allergies/parasites/hypersensitivity/foreign body, which cause inflammation immediately to the ear. This inflammation makes way for secondary factors, like bacteria and yeast that can contribute to the disease in a already inflamed ear

This can cause perpetuating factors to develop like edema and proliferative changes to the ear

99
Q

There is sub corneal pustular Dermatitis and acantholytic keratocytes

A

Circular keratinocytes, separated from others and have a retain nucleus while they’re on the surface of the skin
pemphigus foliaceous
Puppy pyoderma
Dermatophytosis

100
Q

So you see a coalescing multinodular mass that is friable what is it?

A

It has keratin in the middle that is making it friable
A hair follicle tumor

101
Q

Sebaceous versus apocrine gland, tumor

A

Sebaceous gland tumors are more likely to be sebaceous adenoma’s, which are benign
→ Peri anal gland

I have a current gland. Tumors are more likely to be apocrine adenocarcinomas, which are malignant
→ mammary gland

102
Q

You see a melanocytes neoplasm on the lip of a dog: malignant or benign

Melanocytic neoplasm on horse that is gray

A

Malignant melanoma on oral cavity of dog → poorly pigmented means that it is more malignant
Dog melanocytoma on haired skin are often benign

gray horse: benign melanocytoma

103
Q

Neoplasms of fibroblasts/ pericysts around blood vessels/ Schwann cells in a nerve sheath are called

A

Soft tissue sarcoma

104
Q

A lipoma is benign, but a strangulating lipoma can be in a

A

Horses omentum

105
Q

Hemangioma
Cutaneous, hemangiosarcoma
Visceral hemangeosarcoma

A

Visceral hemangiosarcoma is the most malignant because it’s going to be in the liver, lungs, right atrium, spleen

Cutaneous hemangeosarcoma is on the skin and it’s not as malignant

Hemangioma is benign -well differentiated

These are all vascular tumors

106
Q

Integumentary stuctures that differentiate birds from mammals

A

Feathers/ down =fluff to trap air for heat
Scales on foot
Uropygeal gland and powder down in psittacines for oil for feathers

Same as mammal aspect
Beak and claws: Stratum corneum creates these
— caseous rather than pus w disease

107
Q

Basic level 3 dermatological work-up (diagnostic plan) for birds

A

Always for birds: check for parasites, fecal gram stain for microflora and feather pulp cytology (squeeze skin)

Level 2: Culture feather pulp and check chemistry panel and PCR

Level 3:
Exhaustive history
Biopsy
Rads
Thyroid hormone

108
Q

Treatments of common derm disorders of birds (Viral, bacterial, parasitic, behavioral, traumatic, toxic <drug/photosensitive>, neoplasia, nutritional)

A

Viral: Psittacine beak and feather disease
— circovirus
—malformed feathers, tongue blunts, and immunosuppressed —> DIE 6 mo

Viral: Poxvirus
—papules, pustules, crust.
— excoriation/direct contact or mosquito bites spread it —> cant see be prob in cornea
— vaccinate!!

Bacterial: Pododermatitis: bacteria (S. Aureus) and bad perching material —> granduloma of foot pad
— variable diameter of perching material
— tx. Flush out and antibiotics- bad prog

Parasitic: Knemidocoptic mange
— skin scrap w mineral oil bc of misshapen beak [crusty]
— tx. Ivermectin if pet bird not poultry

Behavioral: feather picking
— obsessive compulsive (ocd)- bored/stress
— tx. 1 Change environment
— 2 antidepressant

Trauma: blood feather
— feather breaks and arteriole spurts
— pick off feather at base w hemostat

Squamous cell carcinoma :
—in Budgie -parakeet over 5 yrs

Nutritional: Fatty liver disease
— too much fat —>beak and claw becomes dense —> stretch the feather follicle tracts
— tx. Trim nail and beak and change diet

109
Q

With many ruminant/pig diseases these is also a cofactor of lice: which diseases are those?

A

Ruminant:
Dematophilus Congolensis: Paint brush lesion in wet - also lice
Ringworm - lice tx for itching
Wart (papilloma virus) - lice tx for itching

Pigs:
Pustular dermatitis (strep) : tx for lice w antibiotics
Swine pox: comes from lice contact

110
Q

What do the cytotoxic T cells attack in these ulcerative probs?
Cutaneous lupus erythematosis
Uveodermatalogic syndrome
Autoimmune subepidermal blistering dermatosis
Pemphigus velgaris

A

Cutaneous lupus erythematosis - stratum basal cells undergo apoptosis
Uveodermatalogic syndrome - Attack melanocytes at the SB level
Autoimmune subepidermal blistering dermatosis -MMP/BP- attack anchoring structures of basement membrane
Pemphigus vulgaris - attack suprabasalar

111
Q

Primary cornification disorder

A

Canine icthyosis -golden retriever- lipid malformation -biopsy no cure
Canine primary sebborrea- increased epidermal turnover rate - clinical signs of greasy and follicular cast (no biopsy) also otitis
hyperkeratosis and scaling

112
Q

Malassazia dermatitis is from normal flora but a cornification problem because

A

Allergic dermatitis or intertrigo

113
Q

Prednisolone >prednisone in which species

A

Cat and horses

Sensing And Seeing (6 decks)

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