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Sensing And Seeing > SS 3 > Flashcards

SS 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Corneal ulcer vs erosion

A

Ulcer is full thickness
You will see
- blepharospasm (squint) and epiphora (tears)
- local edema
.- conjunctival hyperemia (excess of vessels supplying eye ) and chemosis (swelling of tissue)
-Ocular discharge with color depending on secondary infection

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2
Q

Exophthalmus vs. buophthalmus

A

Exophthalmos is a normal-sized globe that is being pushed forward by a space occupying lesion in the orbit, most commonly a retrobulbar abscess/cellulitis or neoplasia. Buphthalmos, on the other hand, is a normally-positioned globe that is enlarged due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), i.e., glaucoma.

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3
Q

Test for KCS dry eye

A

Schemer tear test

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4
Q

What do you have to do when treating ulcer in cornea

A

Schemer Tear test and find underlying cause
Topical antimicrobials till the epithelium grows back

No steroids

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5
Q

Of these corneal Surgery procedures
Which is bad for ulcer:
Keratectomy
Corneal graft
Conjunctival flap
3rd eyelid flap
Tarsorrhapy

A

Bad:
3rd eyelid flap removal
Tarsorrhapy close eye

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6
Q

Scced

A

Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defect

No underlying problem- and no secondary infection
An epithelial problem with a stromal dead zone
That is Debrided

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7
Q

When there is an corneal Abscess or ulcer in horse what is commonly secondary

A

Uveitis

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8
Q

Pigmentary Keratitis is cause by

A

Chronic irritation to the cornea
Happens in boachycephalic dog

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9
Q

corneal abcess to heal it you have to…

A

Vascularize the corneal stroma- blood vessels need to grow there

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10
Q

Is the cornea is shiny then what is it?

A

it is a lipid keratopathy, which is non-painful and caused by accumulation of the lipid in cornea.
BILATERAL lipid dystrophy that would be bilateral and inherited.
UNILATERAL previous accident that leads to lipid degeneration in the cornea like a scar
Systemic abnormalities like a lipid storage disorder, which is rare

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11
Q

equine immune mediated keratitis

A

It is nonpainful
It has four categories, epithelial, superficial stromal, mid stromal, endothelial
For medical management with topical corticosteroids and cyclosporine, it can be done with the two stroma layers and epithelium
Surgical management could only be done with superficial stromal

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12
Q

Endothelial, dystrophy, or degeneration in the cornea

A

The treatment would be to draw out the fluids, so they wouldn’t make the cornea clearer
Medically it would be hyper osmotic
Surgically it would be a conjunctiva flap or keratoplasty

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13
Q

What animals are affected by eosinophil keratitis

A

Cats and horses
Treat with topical steroids. It is the only ulcer that you will treat with steroids.

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14
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the eye?

A

The conjunctiva

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15
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Not happening primarily
It is secondary to KCS or forieng body

Except for infectious bovine risinotrachitis which is moxellabovis

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16
Q

Rose bengal stain
What is pathneumonic for herpes

A

For feline herpes virus most common conjuentival prob in-cat
Corneoconjunctival
- antivirals topically and orally
90% of cats
2nd to A break in immune barrier

Dendritic ulcers are pathoneremonic for FHV

Rose bangal stain reuptake also means KCS. Bc it binds to epithelium under the tears

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17
Q

Most common ocular disease in dogs

A

Lack of aqueous tear film on eye
Kcs

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18
Q

Bony orbital fossa is incomplete for

A

Carnivores and pigs

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19
Q

What causes orbital disease

A

Change in the volume of the orbit or change in function of the structures

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20
Q

With globe neoplasia

A

Unilateral exophthalmos
Exoneration of eye - remove everything

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21
Q

Blood in anterior chamber because of trauma

A

H yphema
In proptosis

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22
Q

Function of pre corneal tear film

A

Antimicrobial
Deliver oxygen to avascular cornea
Remove debris from corneas: conjunctiva,

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23
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflamed eyelid

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24
Q

Neurogenic kcs

A

In kcs there is over production of mucin by goblet cells
Neurogenic is a dry nose cipsilateral xeromycleria)

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25
Q

Ankyloblephson

A

Eyes held closed (sealed at birth 10-15 days)
Infectious if it becomes pathologic and ophthalmic neonatorum

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26
Q

Eyelid agenesis

A

Treatment would be ocular lubrication and cryotherapy to prevent eyelid from touching eye, or reconstructive lipcommissure

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27
Q

Facial nerve, paralysis, exophthalmic, and buphthalmia

A

Are all clinical signs of acquired lagophilhamos

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28
Q

A stye, or an impacted meibomian gland treatment

A

Chalazion
It is firm, non-painful

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29
Q

Most common eyelid neoplasia

A

Dogs have meibobian adenoma or epitheliuma

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30
Q

Reconstructive blepharoplasty

A

For eyelid neoplasia involving more than 1/3 of lid
And for lid agenesis

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31
Q

Nuclear sclerosis versus cataracts, when looking through a distant, direct ophthalmoscope

A

Nuclear sclerosis does not obstruct light from reflecting back, but Cataracs do

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32
Q

As the lens magnification increases

A

The lens diopter power number decreases
And the field of view decreases
Sooooo as the lens diopter power gets smaller, the magnification gets greater, and the field of view get smaller

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33
Q

Florescien stain helps

A

Detect corneal, ulcers under cobalt blue light
And check the nasolacrimal duct system by seeing if the stain is draining through the nose

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34
Q

Herpesvirus keratitis
◦Cats, horses

A

Trifuridine 1% and idiouriaine 0.5%
Virostatic

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35
Q

To increase drug absorption through the cornea

A

Increase the frequency of administration
This way you’re not saturating that I

36
Q

Drugs that cause Mydriasis

A

Sympathomimetic like phenylephrine, which is used in combination with a anticholinergic- better for dogs

Parasympatholytic like tropicamide which would be short acting, and only for diagnoses
Atropine, which is long acting last longer in blue eyes and helps with preventing the pupil adhering to the lens and secondary glaucoma and pain from ciliary spasm
—also good for neurogenic KCS

37
Q

Synechiae

A

When the pupil attaches to the lens, and now the pupil cannot dilate or constrict

Can be treated with atropine, which increase mydriasis

This can result in absent PLR

38
Q

Contradicted therapy for ulcerative keratitis/ulcerated cornea

A

Steroids and sodium channel blockers, which made the stabilize, the tear film and inhibit normal blink reflex

39
Q

Topical anti-proteases are used for

A

Melting, ulcers that reach Descemet’s membrane
There are a lot of proteinases and the systemic doxycycline with the topical tetracycline have properties that inhibit MMP’s, and prevent corneal ruptures

40
Q

The parasympathetic innervation of the oculomotor nerve

A

Controls the iris spincter, muscle, which causes miosis
And the ciliary body

41
Q

Oculocardiac reflex

A

Vagus nerve associated_ parasympathetic tone affects heart rate
- heart -rate increase in enucleation when nerve clipped

42
Q

KCS

A

Causes
• Immune-mediated (most common)
• Congenital (alacrima, lacrimal gland hypoplasia)
• Infectious (canine distemper virus)
• Drug-induced (sulfonamides, atropine, topical anesthetics)
• Iatrogenic (T.E gland removal)
• Neurogenic (parasympathetic denervation)

43
Q

Can ipilaterai and contralateral plr be different ?

A

Yes it depends on how many fibers cross
In birds, where 100% fibers cross - there is No consensual PLR
Because it crosses at optic chasm and at the edinger westfohal nucleus or parasympathetic nucleus of CN3

44
Q

Which needs more photo receptor?
PLR OR VISION

A

Vision be there is cortical processing

45
Q

Which of these don’t lose PLR:
Optic neuritis
High intracranial pressure
High intraocular pressure
Junctionopathy
Cataract
Iris atrophy
Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (sards)
Central blindness

A

Cataract still gets light through for reflex to work as long as retina is still attachéa
Sards - as long as no glaucoma or optic neuritis
Central cortical blindness- absent if multifocal disease

46
Q

Swinging flashlight/ Marcus Gunn

A

Ipsilateral dialation= pre-chiasmal retinal detachment or optic neuritis

47
Q

If Horner syndrome and phenylepiphrine causes midrasis _ 20mins

A

<20mins is the 3rd order neuron going from post-ganglion at cranial cervical ganglion to the orbital fissure

48
Q

Introcular us extraocular
Infection

A

Intraocular - systemic problem or secondary
- rarely trauma
Extraocular infection : stap pseudointermed
- overgrowth of normal flora
- inoculate exogenous bacteria
-Recrudence. ( herpes)

49
Q

What kills corneal epithelial cells and goes down to desecmes membrane? A melting ulcer

A

P aeruginosa with pill and collagenase exotoxin
Tx with susceptibility and antibiotics and lavage and cyestine

50
Q

What animal are predisposed to moraxella Bovis?

A

Cow wo eye pigment
Young
Uv variation
Dry conditions

51
Q

Common fungi in horse→

A

Aspergillus causes fungal keratitis
Bc of damage to the cornea and fungal virulencefactors inhibit neovasularization→ decrease neutrophils

52
Q

How to differentials fhv from chylamidia

A

FHV has conjunctivitis and keratitis
Chylamidia has conjunctivitis, and inclusion body

53
Q

Symblepharon

A

Happens in severe FHV where the conjunctiva attaches to the cornea

54
Q

In an dog w/ unknown vaccine history and acute blepharitis and keratoconjunctivitis

A

Canine distemper
1st extraocular doc
later - intraocular dx

55
Q

Primary signs of systemic mycosis

A

Ocular signs in the posterior, anterior uveitis or choroidrefininis

56
Q

What ocular prob does toxoplasma gondii cause

A

It cause chorioretinitis acutely In young kittens or via activation of latent cysts in tissue

57
Q

the colors of the eyes come from

A

Iris stormal pigment
The pigmented posterior epithelium of the iris is constant

58
Q

Pars plicata part of ciliary body function

A

Make aqueous humor
The pars plicata is the non-pigmented ciliary body epithelium that also forms the blood aqueous barrier

59
Q

How to differentiate a cyst from melanomas

A

Cyst Will transilluminate and be a fluid filled structure and ultrasound

Melanoma won’t transilluminate

60
Q

Haab’s striae

A

Breakin the descemet membrane due to stretch of cornea (bupthalmos)

Happens in Chronic glaucoma along with lens, subluxation and cupped optic nerve

61
Q

Primary glaucoma is rare in which animals

A

Horses and cats
In cats, it is secondary to aqueous humor misdirection
Most commonly uveitis
He can also be because of hyphema / lens luxation /trauma/ melanocytic glaucoma/ pigmentary, uveitis common in golden retrievers/ aphakia
In horses, it is secondary to equine recurrent uveitis

62
Q

What does gonioscopy

A

I can look at the iridocorneal angle with the lens
Can look at the probability of having primary glaucoma,
Looks at the open or closed angle
90% of glaucoma that is primary is because of a closed angle in BOTH eyes

Tonometry cannot give the probability of primary glaucoma, but it can give secondary glaucoma probability with melanoma or uveitis

63
Q

What is the most common reason for primary glaucoma?

A

Congenital malformation of the irdocorneal angle which is closed in 90% of glaucomas that are primary

64
Q

Miotic therapy and prostaglandin analogues for glaucoma is contradicted in

A

Miotic medications are contraindicated in animals with anterior lens luxation; will exacerbate uveitis, so avoid in glaucoma secondary to uveitis

65
Q

What is the primary cause of cataracts and glaucoma and lens luxation in cats and horses

A

Chronic Uveitis

Cataracs can also cause uveitis
- lens induced because the protein leaks

66
Q

What are the three causes of glaucoma by uveitis?

A

1 anterior synechia with Iris Bombe
2 pre-iridial fibrovascular membrane that interrupts the angle
3 hypopyon and hyphema, bring inflammatory cells and blood into the anterior chamber and block the angle

67
Q

Define phthisis bulbi

A

It is caused by uveitis
It is because there is not enough aqueous humor, so the cornea is smaller
A pit in the bulb

68
Q

What’s the difference between posterior synechea and anterior lens luxation

A

PosteriorSynechisa there is no movement of the lens in the iris just attaches to the lens, whereas with anterior lens luxation, the lens is moving
Both can cause glaucoma

69
Q

Refflex uveitis

A

Attack on cornea can impact the uveitis
Horses and dogs

70
Q

To diagnose uveitis

A

You need a minimum panel of chemistry CBC, UA

History of vaccination, indoor outdoor duration, and previous medication‘s like steroids

In dogs, it can be due to reflexive uveitis, or metabolic lipids, Lense induced, infectious

In cats, it is metabolic due to high blood pressure, I infectious,

And horses it is mainly due to equine reccurrent uveitis, it can be in Metabolic, reflexive uveitis, trauma

71
Q

What are the embryonic vascular anomalies of the lens?

A

Persistent Pupillary membrane
Hyaloid artery
Phpv

72
Q

Causes of cataract in dog
Cause of lens luxation in dog’

A

Cataracs : It is mainly hereditary
Part of it can also be age related and due to metabolism like diabetes 

Les luxation in dog : hereditary

73
Q

Aqueous humor Misdirection syndrome

A

Glaucoma cats where the fluid goes back through the vitreous humor and causes the lens to be interiorly displaced, closing the pathway more

74
Q

Surgeries For cataracts

A

Phacoemulsification wedge removes all the fluid from the lens capsule
 Intracapsular lens extraction is done when you remove the lens entirely for interior lens luxation

75
Q

Complications of lens luxation include

A

Uveitis, glaucoma, corneal, edema, retinal detachment

76
Q

Asteroid Hyalosis

A

When there are small refractory particles in the vitreous humor that are calcium, lipid deposits, due to degenerative problem with the vitreous
It is usually incidental and happens in older dogs

77
Q

What is an abnormality that affects collie with collie eye anomaly

A
78
Q

Optic neuritis retrobulbar versus intraocular

A

With the retrobulbar optic neuritis, you’re not gonna see it on the atomic exam, but it’s still going to be blind

PLR are usually absent

79
Q

Electroretinogram allows for us to differentiate between

A

Sard (flat) and retinobulbar optic neuritis(norm)

80
Q

What are the causes of Choreo retinitis?

A

Infectious immune mediated neoplastic

81
Q

Blood vessels deep and superficial Dx in eye

A

Blood vessels in response to surface corneal disease (e.g. ulceration, KCS) are typically superficial and undergo substantial branching, whereas blood vessels associated with intraocular disease are generally deeper in the cornea, appear much straighter and enter the cornea circumferentially.

82
Q

Layers of tear film

A

Lipid
Aqueous - gone in KCS and the rest goes up -recheck in 6 weeks
Mucin

83
Q

Which animals have simple hair vs compound hair follicle

A

Simple ‘
Cattle, horse, pig

Compound
Dog, cat, goat

Mixed-sheep

84
Q

Sebaceous vs apocrine vs eccrine glands

A

Sebaceous glands- release intohairshaft by lysis
Apocrine gland (epitrical) like meabobian release superficially into women by budding
Eccrine gland catrichial) where there is no hair exocytose onto skin at paw

85
Q

When not to use atropine?

A

Glaucoma -squeeze angle
Dry eye- lowers lacrimal gland
Lens instability

Sensing And Seeing (6 decks)

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