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Social Studies > SS 2nd Tri Test > Flashcards

SS 2nd Tri Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Raw materials

A

products from nature that are used to make products

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2
Q

Gusher

A

Oil wells that did not need extensive pumping to get the oil to the suface

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3
Q

Bessemer Process

A

Molten iron was poured into a large container. The iron was cooled by air which changed it to steel.

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4
Q

Scientific Management

A

eliminating unnecessary actions or tasks in a company

making sure each worker, tool, and task was absolutely necessary for the job.

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5
Q

Railroad gauge

A

the width between the inside sections of railroad tracks.

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6
Q

Vertical integration

A

One company controls all stages in the creation of a product

ex: Henry Ford’s car company made each of the parts and sold the whole car.

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7
Q

Horizontal integration

A

large companies combined with similar companies into making a single company

ex: a newspaper company controlled all of the other newspaper companies so people bought their newspapers from that one company

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8
Q

Corporations

A

a business that issues shares of company ownership, called stock

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9
Q

Stocks

A

Shares of company ownership that companies can buy and sell

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10
Q

Bonds

A

Loan certificates, the buyer has to give money to the company and be payed back with interest later

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11
Q

Bureaucracy

A

organizational structure that divides work into categories

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12
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act

A

law that kept Chinese immigrants from settling in U.S.

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13
Q

Naturalization

A

process used to grant U.S. citizenship to a foreign citizen

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14
Q

Tammany Hall

A

A powerful political (Democratic) machine that ruled NYC during the 1800s

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15
Q

Political Machine

A

organizations that informally exchanged political favors for promise of votes

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16
Q

Nativism

A

the idea that needs of native born citizens should be favored over immigrant populations

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17
Q

Spoils System

A

a political practice in which winners of elections remove people from government jobs and appointments and replace them with their campaign workers or other supporters

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18
Q

Mugwumps

A

a group of long-time Republican supporters including Mark Twain and Thomas Nast

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19
Q

Civil Service System

A

that candidates for government jobs have to meet specific, job-relevant qualifications

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20
Q

Tenement

A

a piece of land held by owner

12-14 per room, less than 1 foot of space between buildings, little running water/baths, no privacy, diseases, unsafe, dirty

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21
Q

How would raw materials be used?

A

To make wooden chairs, iron ore, coal, and oil

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22
Q

Effects of the Bessemer process

A

Steel manufacturing could not be a short and non expensive process

paved the way for open-hearth process

23
Q

What is division of labor?

A

When a company would split up its workers into special categories and each worker would do one thing it specialized in

lots of products made in shorter time

24
Q

Effects of the assembly line

A

division of labor

Workers would add on parts at each of their stations to an unfinished product that moved down the belt. After passing through all of the stations, the product was done

jobs went down, easily replaceable

25
Q

Effects of steam to electric power

A

more efficient and powerful

retrieval of raw materials and making of goods increased and improved

26
Q

What were the cause and effects of industrialization?

A

Cause: new machines being made in the Industrial Revolution after Civil War

Effect: U.S. urban population went up, public transportation, skyscrapers, efficiently mass produce goods that people wanted, products became affordable, changed the way American business were organized and operated

27
Q

Rise of birth rates due to what?

A

Industrialization

28
Q

Why did people more from farms to cities?

A

lots of jobs, machines replacing human labor

29
Q

Why did immigrants come to America?

A

jobs, new life, religious/political freedoms, economic opportunities

30
Q

Why did immigrants want to leave their countries?

A

Italy: not enough jobs, food supply was low
Slavic: treated badly by Austro-Hungarian Empire, bad jobs, little political power
Jews: pogroms
Ireland: potato famine

31
Q

How did telegraphs and telephones grow the industry?

A

made the country more interconnected and enhanced the ability of businesses to expand over large regions.

32
Q

How did bureaucracy’s develop?

A

when some American businesses became very large, they formed hierarchys

33
Q

White collar jobs

A

worked in clean, white dress shirts, had a college education, and received high pay.

-included managers and other trained professionals such as doctors and lawyers-

34
Q

Blue collar jobs

A

people who did manual labor in factories and other companies, less education, and less pay.

worked in blue denim shirts

35
Q

How did new inventions add to pollution while contributing to innovation?

A

They made more machines and some of them would be powered by gas, which would pollute the air.

It made farming more efficient and made more products.

36
Q

Steel plow’s effect on agricultural production

A

a plow made of steel that had sod not stick to it. It made farming easier and more food was produced.

37
Q

Combine’s effect on agricultural production

A

engine powered machines that cut grain, separated it from the main plant, and cleaned it all at once. Fewer workers were needed on farms. Replaced reaper.

38
Q

What was the first wave of immigration?

A

Northern and Western Europe

39
Q

What was the second wave of immigration?

A

Ireland, Germany, Great Britain

40
Q

What discrimination did immigrants find?

A

Ireland: many of them were Catholic, some Americans found that threatening to their Protestant population

Jobs: American/Know-Knowing Party didn’t like immigrants and found seats in government positions

Chinese: California had taxes on Chinese workers

lived in enclaves, social and cultural barriers, including language and religion

Nativists did not like them, literacy tests, Chinese Exclusion Act, restricted them from some places

41
Q

What is Ellis Island?

A

first U.S. immigration station

42
Q

Steps for entry in U.S.

A

collected passenger manifests, questioned/examined, doctors checked for illness, legal questioning, reading test

43
Q

What is the naturalization process? How did it change over time?

A

process used to grant U.S. citizenship to a foreign citizen after certain requirements are met

First-Federal law gave any court of record, from a local court to a state court to a federal court, the jurisdiction to grant citizenship to applicants.

After Basic Naturalization Act of 1906- loyalty oath, court to hear case, resident of country for 5 years, view by judge, oath of Allegiance to U.S. Constitution

44
Q

Ethnic Enclave

A 
a place (neighborhood) in which people of a same culture, religion, language live apart from other groups
worked together to accomplish goals

Ex: Jewish immigrants worked together in factories to make clothing; Italians

45
Q

Tenements

A

crowded, little running water/baths, no privacy, dirty, unsafe, diseases

Ex: Jewish people of lower east Manhattan

46
Q

Unsafe Working Conditions

A

Factories had little laws to protect workers, damaged machines, dark and filthy spaces, children worked, injuries, and deaths

ex: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1910

47
Q

How did legislation limit the number of immigrants?

A

Basic Naturalization Act of 1906

48
Q

What were the effects of public transport?

A

Cable car, electrified streetcar system, subway system, live in one place and work in another, married people could work in different places, rich people could move away

49
Q

Public health services in cities

A

Turned to government for help, took steps to address health as a public issue by gathering groups of educated people and instructing them to solve common problems, cities created boards, commissions, and departments to improve public health, to ensure a supply of clean water, and to dispose of human and factory waste, sewer system, street sweepers.

50
Q

How did cities become a center for learning and culture?

A

opened and expanded libraries, more newspapers, art museums opened, literacy rates increased

Ex: Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Recorder

51
Q

How did political machines use corruption?

A

exchanged political favors for promises of votes, took kickbacks, or payments, in exchange for awarding government contracts or jobs, bosses got money

52
Q

Why did immigrants like political machines?

A

providing them with jobs or a place to live in exchange for votes in elections

53
Q

What was the role of Catholic school?

A

Catholics saw public schools as an attempt to force their children to become Protestant. Catholic Church started many private schools.

54
Q

Civil Service system vs. spoils system

A

CSS: only candidates who are qualified can be hired
SS: election winner can hire whoever they want to work for them, usually campaign workers/supporters

Social Studies (11 decks)

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