SS 2nd Tri Test Flashcards
Raw materials
products from nature that are used to make products
Gusher
Oil wells that did not need extensive pumping to get the oil to the suface
Bessemer Process
Molten iron was poured into a large container. The iron was cooled by air which changed it to steel.
Scientific Management
eliminating unnecessary actions or tasks in a company
making sure each worker, tool, and task was absolutely necessary for the job.
Railroad gauge
the width between the inside sections of railroad tracks.
Vertical integration
One company controls all stages in the creation of a product
ex: Henry Ford’s car company made each of the parts and sold the whole car.
Horizontal integration
large companies combined with similar companies into making a single company
ex: a newspaper company controlled all of the other newspaper companies so people bought their newspapers from that one company
Corporations
a business that issues shares of company ownership, called stock
Stocks
Shares of company ownership that companies can buy and sell
Bonds
Loan certificates, the buyer has to give money to the company and be payed back with interest later
Bureaucracy
organizational structure that divides work into categories
Chinese Exclusion Act
law that kept Chinese immigrants from settling in U.S.
Naturalization
process used to grant U.S. citizenship to a foreign citizen
Tammany Hall
A powerful political (Democratic) machine that ruled NYC during the 1800s
Political Machine
organizations that informally exchanged political favors for promise of votes
Nativism
the idea that needs of native born citizens should be favored over immigrant populations
Spoils System
a political practice in which winners of elections remove people from government jobs and appointments and replace them with their campaign workers or other supporters
Mugwumps
a group of long-time Republican supporters including Mark Twain and Thomas Nast
Civil Service System
that candidates for government jobs have to meet specific, job-relevant qualifications
Tenement
a piece of land held by owner
12-14 per room, less than 1 foot of space between buildings, little running water/baths, no privacy, diseases, unsafe, dirty
How would raw materials be used?
To make wooden chairs, iron ore, coal, and oil
Effects of the Bessemer process
Steel manufacturing could not be a short and non expensive process
paved the way for open-hearth process
What is division of labor?
When a company would split up its workers into special categories and each worker would do one thing it specialized in
lots of products made in shorter time
Effects of the assembly line
division of labor
Workers would add on parts at each of their stations to an unfinished product that moved down the belt. After passing through all of the stations, the product was done
jobs went down, easily replaceable
Effects of steam to electric power
more efficient and powerful
retrieval of raw materials and making of goods increased and improved
What were the cause and effects of industrialization?
Cause: new machines being made in the Industrial Revolution after Civil War
Effect: U.S. urban population went up, public transportation, skyscrapers, efficiently mass produce goods that people wanted, products became affordable, changed the way American business were organized and operated
Rise of birth rates due to what?
Industrialization
Why did people more from farms to cities?
lots of jobs, machines replacing human labor
Why did immigrants come to America?
jobs, new life, religious/political freedoms, economic opportunities
Why did immigrants want to leave their countries?
Italy: not enough jobs, food supply was low
Slavic: treated badly by Austro-Hungarian Empire, bad jobs, little political power
Jews: pogroms
Ireland: potato famine
How did telegraphs and telephones grow the industry?
made the country more interconnected and enhanced the ability of businesses to expand over large regions.
How did bureaucracy’s develop?
when some American businesses became very large, they formed hierarchys
White collar jobs
worked in clean, white dress shirts, had a college education, and received high pay.
-included managers and other trained professionals such as doctors and lawyers-
Blue collar jobs
people who did manual labor in factories and other companies, less education, and less pay.
worked in blue denim shirts
How did new inventions add to pollution while contributing to innovation?
They made more machines and some of them would be powered by gas, which would pollute the air.
It made farming more efficient and made more products.
Steel plow’s effect on agricultural production
a plow made of steel that had sod not stick to it. It made farming easier and more food was produced.
Combine’s effect on agricultural production
engine powered machines that cut grain, separated it from the main plant, and cleaned it all at once. Fewer workers were needed on farms. Replaced reaper.
What was the first wave of immigration?
Northern and Western Europe
What was the second wave of immigration?
Ireland, Germany, Great Britain
What discrimination did immigrants find?
Ireland: many of them were Catholic, some Americans found that threatening to their Protestant population
Jobs: American/Know-Knowing Party didn’t like immigrants and found seats in government positions
Chinese: California had taxes on Chinese workers
lived in enclaves, social and cultural barriers, including language and religion
Nativists did not like them, literacy tests, Chinese Exclusion Act, restricted them from some places
What is Ellis Island?
first U.S. immigration station
Steps for entry in U.S.
collected passenger manifests, questioned/examined, doctors checked for illness, legal questioning, reading test
What is the naturalization process? How did it change over time?
process used to grant U.S. citizenship to a foreign citizen after certain requirements are met
First-Federal law gave any court of record, from a local court to a state court to a federal court, the jurisdiction to grant citizenship to applicants.
After Basic Naturalization Act of 1906- loyalty oath, court to hear case, resident of country for 5 years, view by judge, oath of Allegiance to U.S. Constitution
Ethnic Enclave
a place (neighborhood) in which people of a same culture, religion, language live apart from other groups worked together to accomplish goals
Ex: Jewish immigrants worked together in factories to make clothing; Italians
Tenements
crowded, little running water/baths, no privacy, dirty, unsafe, diseases
Ex: Jewish people of lower east Manhattan
Unsafe Working Conditions
Factories had little laws to protect workers, damaged machines, dark and filthy spaces, children worked, injuries, and deaths
ex: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1910
How did legislation limit the number of immigrants?
Basic Naturalization Act of 1906
What were the effects of public transport?
Cable car, electrified streetcar system, subway system, live in one place and work in another, married people could work in different places, rich people could move away
Public health services in cities
Turned to government for help, took steps to address health as a public issue by gathering groups of educated people and instructing them to solve common problems, cities created boards, commissions, and departments to improve public health, to ensure a supply of clean water, and to dispose of human and factory waste, sewer system, street sweepers.
How did cities become a center for learning and culture?
opened and expanded libraries, more newspapers, art museums opened, literacy rates increased
Ex: Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Recorder
How did political machines use corruption?
exchanged political favors for promises of votes, took kickbacks, or payments, in exchange for awarding government contracts or jobs, bosses got money
Why did immigrants like political machines?
providing them with jobs or a place to live in exchange for votes in elections
What was the role of Catholic school?
Catholics saw public schools as an attempt to force their children to become Protestant. Catholic Church started many private schools.
Civil Service system vs. spoils system
CSS: only candidates who are qualified can be hired
SS: election winner can hire whoever they want to work for them, usually campaign workers/supporters
