SPSS video lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What is skewness?

A

tail leans to left or right

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2
Q

How can you get an indication of the normality (normal distribution) on the data depending on what?

A

By looking at the mean and the median. The closer they are, the more likely it is that its normally distributed. its just a relative question.

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3
Q

What is the rule of thumb for skewness and kurtosis?

A

an absolute value of one

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4
Q

When having a test of normality, what is the rule of thumb for the significance?

A

It needs to be above 0.05. Because a value under 0.05 indicates non-normality. (abnormal distribution).

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5
Q

How can you interpret a box plot?

A

The more symmetric the boxplot, the more normally distributed the data is.

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6
Q

What does it mean when we say that the correlation coefficient is significantly different from zero?

A

the correlation coefficient is significant

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7
Q

What is independent samples t-test? Give an example

A

Independent samples t-test is when we have to group means (like men vs women average income) that we want to compare to see if the means are significantly different from each other, the same or just random chance. in this case the two groups are not related to each other.

not to be compared wit repeated measure t-test: womens income at time 1 and then time 2. two dependent group (same group at different times)

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8
Q

What is Levenes test for equality of variances?

A

this is one of the assumptions of the independent samples t-test. the two groups should have equal variances. if we have quite different group sizes, there is a chance the variance will not be equal.

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9
Q

What is the standard cutoff for significance?

A

0.05

> 0.05 = equal variances

< 0.05 = would be significant difference

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10
Q

What is the rule of thumb for t-tests?

A

if the t value < 2, then its prob not significant

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11
Q

What are the rule of thumbs for Cohens D point estimate?

A

anything around 0.2 would be a small effect
< 0.2, dont interpret it
0.5 medium effect
0.8 large effect

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12
Q

What is paired samples/repeated measures t-tests?

A

you look at the same period but for different time periods. they are dependent on each other.

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13
Q

What does the significance level in a paired sampled t-test tell us?

A

if its < 0.05 we can say that there is a significant difference between the means
if its larger than > 0.05 the difference are by chance, there is no significant difference

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14
Q

What is Exploratory factor analysis?

A

It is a way of establishing construct validity which is made up of two parts: convergent validity and discriminant validity.

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15
Q

What is a latent construct? (EFA)

A

Something that is not directly observable, like collaboration or trust so we observe through ex a questionnaire. Everything in like colllaboration should converge. But other factors like trust should diverge from each other. (discriminant). because otherwise trust and collaboration is overlapping.

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16
Q

Is EFA subjective or objective?

A

subjective

17
Q

A factor coefficient can be anywhere from… what range?

A

-1 to +1

0.4-0.5 (absolute value) is meaningful

being close 0 is meaningless

18
Q

What is another term for multiple regression model?

A

ordinary least squares regression

19
Q

What is another word for R squared?

A

explained variance

20
Q

What is another word for coefficient of determination? (explained variance)

A

R squared

21
Q

When do you use R-squared?

A

When you are evaluating a single model

22
Q

When do you use R-squared adjusted?

A

When you comparing different models

23
Q

What happens to R-squared when you keep adding more independent variables?

A

R-squared go up

24
Q

What does parsimony mean?

A

a simple regression model is referred over a complicated regression model. 2 or 3 independent variables is better than 10.

25
Q

What is archival data?

A

Archival data refers to information that has been collected and stored for a previous purpose, often as part of routine record-keeping, historical documentation, or organizational processes. This data is not originally collected for a specific research project but is instead repurposed for analysis.

Sources of Archival Data:
- Public Records: Census data, government reports, historical documents.
- Institutional Records: Company performance reports, financial statements, or employee records.
- Media Archives: Newspaper articles, TV broadcasts, or online content.
- Digital Archives: Social media posts, web analytics, or cloud-based documents.
- Personal Archives: Diaries, letters, photographs, or recordings.

Uses of Archival Data:
- Historical Research: Studying past trends, events, or societal changes.
- Longitudinal Studies: Examining changes over time using pre-existing data.
- Exploratory Analysis: Generating hypotheses or identifying patterns without primary data collection.

Advantages:
- Time and cost efficiency.
- Availability of longitudinal data for trend analysis.
- Access to unique or rare information that might be difficult to collect firsthand.

Challenges:
- Limited control over data quality or consistency.
- Potential biases in the data due to its original purpose.
- Ethical or privacy concerns, especially with personal or sensitive information.

26
Q

What is field notes?

A

Field notes are detailed, firsthand observations and reflections recorded by researchers during or immediately after fieldwork. They serve as a primary tool for documenting and analyzing information gathered in natural settings, such as interviews, participant observations, or site visits

27
Q

What is a population regression model?

A

The true relationship between the dependent variable Y and independent variables X in the population, which we aim to estimate using our sample data. (entire populatiomn)

28
Q

What is difference in difference?

A

A method to estimate casual effects by comparing changes in outcomes over time between a treatment group (affected by policy) and a control group (unaffected)