L1-L5 + SPSS Flashcards
When is the Shapiro-Wilk value used?
When N is below 50
When is the Kolmogorow-Smirnow value used?
When N is above 50
If sig > 0.05 = normally distributed
What is nomothetic methods?
refer to research approaches that focus on identifying general laws, principles, or patterns that apply broadly across groups, populations, or phenomena
What is ideographic methods?
Idiographic methods are research approaches focused on understanding individual cases, unique events, or specific phenomena in depth. Unlike nomothetic methods, which aim to identify general laws or patterns across groups, idiographic methods emphasize the uniqueness of a single subject, situation, or entity.
What do we mean by: “only theory can define y = f(x)”?
A theory is needed to understand the causal relationship between x (cause) and y (effect). Data alone cannot tell which direction the relationship goes
What is convenience sampling?
is convenience sample too convenient? (choosing participants who are easiest to access, such as colleagues or friends may not represent the larger population. results might reflect the specific traits of the “convenient” group rather than being generalizable.
What is snowballing?
starting with a few participants who recommend others, creating a chain of referrals. the sample can become biased if participants refer people who are similar to them (e.g., same social group or opinion).
What is grounded theory?
Aka emergent coding.
Generate theory from data.
Inductive + deductive
“What is going on?” “What is the main problem of the participants and how are they trying to solve it?”
Grounded theory is constant comparision (think jelly beans)
What is a random sampling technique?
Everyone has an equal chance to be selected which gives a high generalizability
What is a cluster sampling technique?
Dividing a population into clusters - then random selection
What is stratified sampling technique?
Divide the population into specific homogeneous groups (strata) and then random selection
What is convenience sampling?
Subjects selected by accessability and convenience
What is purposeful sampling techniques?
Subjects selected because they are information-rich
When is the Shapiro-Wilk Value and Kolmogorow Smirnov value used?
The Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests are both used to assess whether a dataset follows a normal distribution.
Sig should be above 0.05
What is correlation?
The degree to which two variables are linerarly related
What is a t-test?
A statistic that checks if two means are reliably different from each other. And if there is a significant difference between two groups of data. First, you set up a hypothesis. Ex:
H1: Men are more confident with a climb than women.
H0: There is no difference between men and women with regard to their confidence in climbing.
What is the independent t-test?
Aka two samples t-test
When you test if two independent variables average means are statistically different from each other or not.
Either you use an independent or dependent T-test depending if the groups we are investigating are related to each other or not.
An independent T-test is an inferential statistical test that determines whether there is a statistically difference between the means in two unrelated groups, like men and women.
Rule of thumb when you have dummy variables like gender: always code them as 0 and 1. It helps with the math.
When is Levenes test used?
Levenes test is an assumption of the test: the two groups should have equal variances. If you have 80 men and 20 women then the variance would not be equal. Levene’s test is commonly used before conducting an independent t-test to check if the assumption of equal variances between the two groups is met.
