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Honors Biology > Spring Final > Flashcards

Spring Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Primary function of this system is supports the body, protects vital organs, stores of minerals, and for movement.

A

The nervous/sensory system-

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2
Q

The primary function of this system is to take in oxygen, passes it to cells, collects CO2 and remove it from the body.

A

The cardiovascular/respiratory system

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3
Q

the primary function of this system is to create and transport hormones.

A

The endocrine system

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4
Q

the primary function of this system is to collect liquid waste and remove it from the body.

A

The excretory system

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5
Q

the primary function of this system creates and allows passage of gametes, and provides a protective environment for a developing fetus.

A

The reproductive system

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6
Q

the primary function of this system is to breakdown food, absorb nutrients, and prepares solid waste for removal from the body.

A

The digestive system

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7
Q

connect muscle to bone

A

Tendons

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8
Q

connects bone to bone.

A

Ligaments

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9
Q

an individual nerve cells.

A

-Neuron

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10
Q

filters waste from the body.

A

-Kidney

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11
Q

produces estrogen and progesterone.

A

-Ovary

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12
Q

stores bile.

A

-Gall bladder-

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13
Q

primarily responsible for absorption of nutrients.

A

Small intestine

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14
Q
  1. What two things make up nervous tissue?
A

Neurons and supporting cells.

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15
Q

• Know the purpose of myelin

A

protects the axon.

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16
Q
  1. What is the name for the electrical signals transmitted by the neurons?
A

Nerve impulses

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17
Q
  • What are nerve impulses responsible for in humans?
A

movement

  • perception
  • thought
  • emotions
  • -learning
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18
Q
  1. What specific cells create the myelin sheathing in the peripheral nervous system?
A

The schwaan cells- peripheral nervous system

4. Oligodendrocyres- in the central nervous system.

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19
Q
  1. Name the gap between myelin cells.
A

The nodes of Ranvier

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20
Q
  1. Which side of a cell membrane is more negatively charged? Which side is more positively charged?
A

More positively charge outside of the membrane and more negatively charged inside of the membrane.

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21
Q
  1. What is membrane potential?
A

The difference in electrical charge between a cell membrane’s inner surface and is outside surface.

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22
Q
  1. What is a resting membrane potential?
A

When a neuron is not transmitting an impulse.

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23
Q

• What is an action potential?

A

is a local reversal of polarity along the membrane of a neuron; also called a nerve impulse.

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24
Q
  1. What happens to the electrical charge on either side of a cell membrane during an action potential?
A

The inside of the cell membrane becomes more positive then the outside.

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25
Q
  1. What is the resting potential (when an impulse is not being sent by a membrane) in mV?
A

The nerve is waiting to react/send the impulse to the next nerve. The nerve’s resting potential has to be restored to -70v and during the refractory period (from when the action potential begins until normal resting potential is returned), the neuron cannot respond to further stimulation.

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26
Q
  1. What is a synapse?
A

Synapse is the space between two nerve cells.

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27
Q

is used in the contraction of muscles

A

Acetylcholine

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28
Q

used to help with brain functions

A

Glutamate

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29
Q

cause feelings of pleasure

A

Norepinephrine and Dopamine

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30
Q

block pain signals.

A

Enkaphalines and Endorphins

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31
Q

consists of the brain and spinal cord.

A

Central Nervous System

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32
Q

consist of sensory and motor neurons know what they are divided into.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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33
Q

Largest part of the brain and the location of learning, memory, perception, and intellectual functions.

A

Cerebrum

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34
Q

divided into right and left hemispheres by a central grove. (Each receives info from and controls the opposite side of the body).

A

Cerebrum

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35
Q

contains the locations of learning, memory, and intellectual functions.

A

Cerebrum

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36
Q

The outer most layer (2-4mm) of the cerebrum is called gray matter. (Gray matter- is mostly cell bodies of the neurons.)

A

Cerebral Cortex

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37
Q

and consists mostly of cell bodies of the neurons.

A

Cerebral Cortex

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38
Q

found at the base of the brain, bun shaped.

A

Cerebellum

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39
Q

regulates balance, posture, and movement.

A

Cerebellum

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40
Q

the cerebellum regulates the contraction of muscles to make movements smooth and coordinated. (Coordinates the cerebrum and spinal cord.)

A

Cerebellum

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41
Q

a stalk-like part of the base of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the cerebellum.

A

Brain Stem

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42
Q

important for maintain homeostasis ( the process stable internal environment) by regulation vital body functions. (Heart and breathing rates, body temp, and sleep

A

Brain Stem

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43
Q

c. Contains (with the thalamus, hypothalamus, and medulla oblongata.)

A

Brain Stem

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44
Q

controls the sudden involuntary muscle contractions called reflexes.

A

Spinal Cord

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45
Q

sensory neurons that carry information to Central Nervous System.

A

Dorsal root

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46
Q

motor neurons that carry information from CNS to muscles and glands.

A

Ventral Root

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47
Q
  1. Which part of the peripheral nervous system directs sensory information to the central nervous system?
A

The sensory division.

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48
Q
  1. If a giant, starving puma were to get loose in the school and start chasing you down the hall, what system would be activated, causing you to respond with a “fight or flight” moment?
A

Sympathetic system

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49
Q

1.) According to current evidence, how old is the universe?

A

13.7 billion years

50
Q

• How is the Doppler Effect used to determine the motion of distant galaxies relative to our galaxy?

A

Using the color of light emitted from distant galaxies to determine if they are moving toward or away for us.

51
Q

2.) If light from distant objects is blueshifted, is the object moving towards or away from us? What if the light is redshifted?

A

The color of the light emitted from a star is measures for shift (red or blue) to determine if it is moving toward or away. Toward. Away

52
Q

• What is a nebula?

A

Within galaxies, the spaces between stars that are filled with clouds of interstellar gas and dust.

53
Q

• What is the difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission?

A

? Fusion is the combining of nuclei of smaller elements to make nuclei of larger elements and fission is the splitting apart of nuclei of heavier elements to make nuclei of smaller elements.

54
Q

• In what order of elements does the Sun burn through its fuel supply?

A

Hydrogen first, then helium

55
Q

• List the five characteristics used to classify stars:

A

Age

	- Distance from the Earth
	- Color
	- Temperature
	- Apparent brightness
56
Q

What is the Nebular Theory? What does it describe?

A

Theory scientists use to describe the formation of our solar system. The formation of our solar system from a nebular cloud of gas and dust.

57
Q

Does the distance from the Earth to the Sun determine seasons?

A

NO

58
Q

• Name three main aspects that are used to explain the cycle of lunar phases?

A
  1. Moon is spherical in shape
    2. Moon is not self-luminous, but reflects the sunlight
    3. Moon circles the Earth once a month
59
Q

Do stars make lighter elements or heavier elements in their cores?

A

lighter

60
Q

What are the tides on Earth caused by?

A

Gravitational relationship between the Earth, Sun, and Moon

61
Q

What is the main idea of the concept of continental drift?

A

The continents once formed part of a single landmass called a supercontinent (Pangaea)

62
Q

the thin outer shell of earth that consist of the crust and rigid part of the upper mantle.

A

. lithosphere

63
Q

a deformable layer of the mantle that the lithosphere rides upon.

A

asthenosphere

64
Q

• List three sources of all energy on Earth:

A
  1. geothermal energy
    2. slow radioactive decay
    3. energy from the Sun
65
Q

• How is our sun classified, according to the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram?

A

Main Sequence Star

66
Q

What led scientists to conclude that our Sun is a second-generation star?

A

The presence of trace amounts of heavier element within the Sun that it isn’t able to produce.

67
Q

neighboring two plates move toward each other (mountain range like Himalayan or deep trench)

A

Convergent boundaries

68
Q

neighboring two plates move away from each other (rift or fissure like the Mid-ocean ridge)

A

Divergent boundaries

69
Q

neighboring two plates slide past one another (San Andrea’s fault)

A

Transform boundaries

70
Q

time it takes for half of the radioactive elements to decay.

A

half-life

71
Q

the process of estimating the age of an object by measuring the content of certain radioactive isotopes.

A

radiometric dating

72
Q

• What was the first living thing on Earth?

A

Prokaryotes

73
Q
  1. Current evidence supports that idea that eukaryotes evolved from what types of organisms?
A

Prokaryotes

74
Q

• Name the organelles that are believed to be symbiotic eubacteria.

A

mitochondria

b. – chloroplast

75
Q

slow and steady change of species over time.

A

Gradualism

76
Q

periods of rapid change in a species separated by periods of little or no change.

A

Punctuated equilibrium

77
Q

Did Darwin discover evolution?

A

No he did not

78
Q

What was Darwin’s main contribution to the idea of evolution?

A

He offed explanation for how evolution could work.

79
Q

• What specific idea of Lamarck had the greatest impact on Darwin?

A

The change caused by the environment

80
Q

How does natural selection define the overall success of a species?

A

Reproductive success

81
Q

• List the three steps involved in the creation of a fossil from a recently deceased organism:

A

.) The organism must die and be buried quickly.

d. The buried organism must be undisturbed for thousands of years so water can slowly leach out the material of the hard body parts and replace them with other minerals.
e. The fossil must be exposed again to the surface so it can be found.

82
Q

• What particular locations would be most likely to produce future fossils?

A
  • tar pit
    g. swamp or bog
    h. close to a volcano that erupts ash on a regular basis.
    i. Low area near a slow moving river.
83
Q

fossils that bridge gaps between major groups

A

Intermediate form

84
Q

anatomical structures that are reduced in size and function

A

Vestigial structures

85
Q

anatomical structures that are the same in different species, but often used for different functions. Same structures…different functions.

A

Homologous structures

86
Q

Do scientists still use the term “missing link”? Why or why not?

A

No, b/c it implies there is one type of individual between two major groups when there were really thousands.

87
Q

• Which is a better indicator of evolutionary relationship: structure or function?

A

structure

88
Q
  1. What regulates the early stages of an organism’s embryonic development, causing some very different organisms to have similar structures?
A

Master genes

89
Q

• How did early cyanobacteria affect the Earth’s ecosystem?

A

It increased oxygen content of the atmosphere.

90
Q

a. Name three structures common to all vertebrates during early development

A

tail

b. limb buds
c. pharyngeal pouches

91
Q

• List the four factors in natural selection that are true for all populations:

A

variation exists in all populations.

  1. ) Environment presents challenges to reproduction.
  2. ) more offspring are produced then can survive.
  3. ) Individuals better able to cope with the challenges will have more offspring survive to reproduce themselves.
92
Q

What factor determines the beak size and shape of the finches on the Galapagos Islands?

A

Type of food the birds eat

93
Q

accumulation of differences between groups

A

Divergence

94
Q

process of a new species forming

A

Speciation

95
Q

• Multicellular organisms first appeared on Earth how long ago? These organisms are members of what group

A

• 700 million years ago, protista

96
Q

• Whose hypothesis states, “a giraffe who stretches his neck to reach leaves will get a longer neck and produce offspring with longer necks”?

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

97
Q

• The idea that all of Darwin’s finch species come from one ancestral species is referred to as

A

descent with modification

98
Q
  1. What was the main idea of the 1798 Thomas Malthus essay, for which he won the Nobel Prize?
A

Human population and food production

99
Q

• Darwin condensed his thoughts on evolution into what three conclusions?

A

a. Many organisms produce more offspring then can survive.
b. All populations are limited by their environment.
c. Humans are included in this idea along with plants and animals.

100
Q

d. Why did Darwin wait so long to publish his research on evolution?

A

Feared the controversy surrounding the topic of evolution,

101
Q

What was the name of Darwin’s 1859 book?

A

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

102
Q

• List the three parts of Darwin’s hypothesis

A

Variation exists within any population.

f. Those better suited to survive in a particular environment will have more surviving offspring.
g. The traits of those survivors will become more common in the population.

103
Q

What factors have led to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of some bacterial diseases?

A

Improper use of antibiotics

b. Overuse of antibiotics
c. The few bacteria that are naturally resistant will continue to reproduce.

104
Q

• The scientific name of an organism consists of what 2 parts:

A
  1. genus

2. species

105
Q

• In order for two separate species to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, do the two species have to be closely related or distantly related?

A

Closely related

106
Q
  1. What is a fixed action pattern behavior?
A

An innate behavior that is genetically programmed.

107
Q
  1. What is involved in the process of reasoning?
A

Analyze a problem, using past experiences, and developing insight.

108
Q

the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and their physical environment

A

Ecology

109
Q

The place where a particular population of species lives

A

Habitat

110
Q

The many different species that live together in a habitat

A

Community

111
Q

A community and all the physical aspects of its habitat, such as the soil, water, and weather

A

Ecosystem

112
Q

The path of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem is called

A

Food chain

113
Q

The population size that an environment can sustain

A

Carrying capacity

114
Q

• The energy that is lost as it flows through an ecosystem is primarily in what form?

A

As energy flows through an ecosystem, much of it is lost as heat

115
Q

• List three means by which humans can modify any ecosystem?

A

Population
 Technology
 Consumption

116
Q

Describe biogeochemical cycles?

A

The path that an environment can sustain.

117
Q

• Biogeochemical cycles are maintained due to what law?

A

The law of Conservation of Matter and Energy.

118
Q

• The energy stored by the organisms in a particular trophic level is what percent of that stored by those in the level below it?

A

10%

119
Q

• What is the difference between a carnivore and an herbivore? Be able to give examples of each.

A

Herbivore eats plants normally low on food chain carnivore eats meat is high up on the food chain.

120
Q

• Be able to trace the flow of energy through a set of trophic levels using a set of given organisms-sun, grass, mouse, snake, eagle, fungi

A

Be able to give examples of each. Bob, cat, coyote, snake, rabbit, deer, cow

Honors Biology (7 decks)

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