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Evoution Flashcards

1
Q

based on radiometric dating, what is the age of the Earth?

A

4.5 billion years old

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2
Q

the estimation of the age of an object by measuring the content of certain radioactive isotopes.

A

radiometric dating

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3
Q

time it takes for half of the total amount of an objects radioactive isotope to decay.

A

half life

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4
Q

are atoms of the same shape tha have different numbers of neutrons.

A

isotope

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5
Q

Which isotopes are best for dating once living specimen, and which are better for rocks? (Carbon 14 and Potassium 40)

A

Carbon 14 is used to date the fossil of organisms

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6
Q

What have experiments shown scientists about the formation of the building blocks of biomolecules?

A

that the building blocks can be formed through natural processes

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7
Q

Do changes to the various hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth indicated a flaw in the evolution theory?

A

No, they are constantly being amended.

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8
Q

ancient rock structure formed by the thin layer of bacteria.

A

stromatolite

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9
Q

what location is currently the most likely candidate for where life originated on Earth

A

hypothermal vents

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10
Q

What do scientists think was the first form of genetic material

A

RNA

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11
Q

what tow advantes could have been provided to the first genetic molecules by being contained in a cell membrane

A

stable environment (protection), needed material would be kept close by

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12
Q

FWhat two molecules likely appeared after RNA

A

DNA and proteins

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13
Q

What two properties of RNA make it the most likely first biomolecule

A

Store both genetic information and cause chemical reactions such as self replication.

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14
Q

Give an example of a “molecular fossil”

A

ATP

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15
Q

Why do scientists generate different models for how biomolecules could have formed

A

we can’t go back in time.

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16
Q

What was the first living thing on Earth as seen in the fossil record

A

Prokaryotes

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17
Q

How did early cyanobacteria affect the Earth’s ecosystem

A

it released oxygen through photosynthesis

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18
Q

current evidence supports that idea that eukaryotic evolved from what types of organisms

A

Prokaryotes

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19
Q

What is the name of the theory for eukaryotic cell formation

A

endosymbiosis

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20
Q

name the organelles that are believed to be symbiotic eubacteria

A

mitochondria

chloroplast

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21
Q

the concept of endosymbiosis is supported by what four pieces of evidence

A
  1. size and structure of both organelles is similar to prokaryotes.
  2. these tow organelles have a ring of DAN similar to prokaryotes.
  3. the ribosomes are the same size and structures as prokaryotes.
  4. They reproduce in a different manner and occur independently.
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22
Q

what are the three types of symbiosis

A

mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

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23
Q

what benefit could the mitochondria have by living inside another prokaryote

A

protection and a nutrient rich environment

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24
Q

how does Parmeckum bursaira maintian a form of symbiotic relationship

A

stores algae in its body and receives nutrients in return, it carries the algae to areas of sunlight, and shares its own nutrients id dark times.

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25
Multicellular organisms first appeared on Earth how long ago? These organisms are member of what group
700 million years ago, protists
26
the geologic timeline is a history of the Earth that is divided into chunks based on what types of major events
1. Mass extinction 2. New species appear 3. Climate change 4. Geologic event
27
the process by which species may change over time
evolution
28
slow and steady change of species over time.
gradualism
29
periods of rapid change in a species separated by periods of little or no change.
punctuated equilibrium
30
did Darwin discover evolution
No he did not
31
What was Darwin's main contribution to the idea of evolution
a mechanism for change
32
What is the term for an explanatin of observed natural events that is supported by a variety of different fields of science? Is this the same as an opinion or an educated guess?
a theory, no
33
whose hypothesis stated "a giraffe who stretches his neck to reach leaves will get a longer neck and produce offspring with longer necks
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
34
What three scientists were considered to be among the first true geologists
1. James Hutton 2. Charles Lyell 3. George Cuvier
35
What specific idea of Lamarck had the greatest impact on Darwin
the change due to the environment
36
what was the original purpose of the voyage of the HMS Beagle
to map the coastline of South America
37
what chain of islands was an important stops during the voyage of the Beagle
Galapagos Islands
38
The idea that all of Darwin's finch species come form one ancestral species is referred to as
descent with modification
39
what was the main idea of the 1798 Thomas Malthus essay, for which he won the nobel Prize
Human population and food production
40
How does natural selection define the overall success of a species
Reproductive success
41
name four examples of species for which we have a fairly complete record of change over time
`1. Horse 2. Diatoms 3. Plant Species 4. Whale
42
why did Darwin wait so long to publish his research on evolution
feared the controversy
43
What finally prompted Darwin to release his ideas on evolution to the public
Alfred Russell Wallace came to the same conclusion
44
What was the name of Darwin's 1859 book
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
45
How did the general public and scientific community respond to this book
Scientists appreciated it, but the public did not understand it
46
HOw id the religious leaders of the Anglican Church repsond to his book
They did not like
47
List the three parts of Darwin's hypothesis
1. Variation exists within any population. 2. Those better suited to survive in a particular environment will have more surviving offspring. 3. The traits of those survivors will become more common in the population.
48
What amount of the total number of organisms that have ever lived on earth are preserved in the fossil record
a tiny fraction
49
what particular locations would be most likely to produce future fossils
1. near wet lowlands 2. slow moving streams 3. lakes, shallow seas 4. volcano
50
fossils that bridge gaps between major groups
intermediate form
51
structures that are reduced in size and function
vestigial structures
52
anatomical structures that are the same in different species. Same structures... different functions.
homologous structures
53
do scientists still use the term "missing link"? why or why not
no, b/c it implies there is one type of individual between two major groups when there were really thousands
54
name three pairs of groups for which there exists clear intermediate forms in the fossil record
1. Fish and Amphibians 2. Reptiles and birds 3. Reptiles and mammals
55
the ancestor of the modern whale was a land creature that lived approximately how long ago
60 million years
56
what structural features of the whale make scientists think that their ancestors once lived on land
vestigial structures like hip bones and some leg bones
57
approximately how long has the species of homo sapiens been on the Earth
.5 million years
58
which is a better indicator of evolutionary relationship: structure or function
structure
59
what regulates the early stages of an organism's embryonic development, causing some very different organism to have similar structures
master genes
60
name three structures common to all vertebrates during early development
1. tail 2. limb buds 3. pharyngeal pouches
61
would tow organisms with ber similar DNA be more or less closely related to one another
more closely related
62
what are some possible environmental pressures that can place a selective force on an organism
Temp, Topography, attract a mate, competition, amy factor that makes reproductive success a challenge
63
list the four factors in natural selection that are true for all populations
1. variation exists in all populations 2. environment presents challenges to reproduction 3. more offspring are produced to cope with the challenges will have more offspring survive to reproduce themselves
64
what factor determines the beak size and shape of the finches on the Galapagos Islands
climate causes different foods to be available
65
name the two scientists that still study Galapagos finches today and have done so for the past 30 years
peter and rosemary grant
66
what happens to the average beak size of the Galapagos finches during different environmental conditions
dry- beaks get larger wet- beaks get smaller
67
accumulation of differences between groups
divergence
68
process of a new species forming
speciation
69
what two factors can lead to two groups being considered separate species
1. cannot produce live young | 2. cannot produce fertile young
70
what reproductive barrier caused salamanders in California to diverge and for speciation to occur
geographic isolation caused by a valley
71
what factors have led to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of some bacteria diseases
1. improper use of antibiotics 2. overuse of antibiotics 3. the few bacteria that are naturally resistant will continue to reproduce

Honors Biology (7 decks)

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