Finals Review 1st Semester Flashcards by John Flucke

What are 3 characteristics of living things?

exchange gasses (not just oxygen)
Made of cells
Growth or change with environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the function of the cell membrane?

controls the flow of materials in and out of the cell.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the site of protein synthesis

ribosome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

contains the DNA and is the control center of the cell

nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

non-membrane bound region in the nucleus responsible for the production of ribosome components

nucleolus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

process and package proteins

endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

process and package proteins that will be shipped outside the cell

Golgi complex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

large vesicle that stores water, minerals, and proving support for plants

central vacuole

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

vesicle containing digestive enzymes where molecules are broken down

lysosome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

thick regid membrane that surrounds plant cells and provides support and protection

cell wall

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

provide support, allows easy transport of substances around the cell, and compartmentalizes cytoplasm causing a higher concentration of certain things in certain areas

cytoskeletal fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

contains the green pigment chlorophyl used in photosynthesis

chloroplast

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell

mitochondria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name and describe the 3 types of chemical bonds

Covalent bonds- electrons are shared beween two or more atoms

Hydrogen bonds- weak bond between polar molecules like water

Ionic bonds- electrons are given or taken away by atoms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 4 types of biomolecules and what are the subunits of each?

Carbohydrates-Monosachrides
Proteins- long chain of amino acids
Lipids- long chain of fatty acids
Nucleotides- nucleic acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

movement of substance from an area of high concentrations to an area of low concentration

diffusion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the diffusion water through a selectively permeable membrane from an are of high concentration to an area of low of concentration

osmosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

diffusion of molecules through membrane proteins that provide openings for polar or larger molecules

facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

means to go out (hyper kids get kicked out of class) Egg- Syrup and eloda in salt water

Hypertonic Solution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

means to flow in (to eat to much food you bloat out) Egg- water and Eloda in fresh water

hypotonic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

to stay the same (to move at the same rate) Egg white is for the egg yolk

Isotonic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

very important active transport mechanism

sodium potassium pump

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a vesicle is formed to move large substances into the cell

endocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a vesicle is formed to move large substances out of the cell

exocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

converts solar energy into chemical energy

photosynthesis

process of dividing the nucleus

mitosis

special genes that coordinate the function of many other genes

master gene

for building and doing things (amino acids)

proteins

fuel (monosachrides)

carbohydrates

make cell membrane (fatty acid)

lipids

the instructions for all processes in a cell like DNA and RNA

nucleic acid

checks to see if the cell is developed enough to copy its DNA

checks to see if it is really ready to enter mitosis

Checks to see if the spindle fibers are properly attached to the centromere of each chromosome

M- Mitotic phase

G1, S, and G2 occur

Interphase

Cell Growth and normal metabolic roles

First Growth Phase G1

DNA replication

Synthesis Replication S

growth and preparation for mitosis

Second Growth Phase G2

nuclear membrane dissolves, and chromosomes thicken

prophase

chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell and spindle fibers attach

metaphase

spindel fibers shorten pulling chromosomes apart to opposite sides of the cell.

anaphase

nuclear membranes reform and a belt of proteins creates the cleavage furrow

telophase

belt of proteins completely divided the cytoplasm and two cells are formed

cytokinesis

the process of making an exact copy of the DNA chain

Replication (for DNA)

the process of transferring the information found in DNA and to mRNA molecule

Transcription

the process of a ribosome reading the mRNA strand and constructing the proper chain of amino acids

translation

mRNA codon chart

be able to use it!!!!

How many chromosomes are found in humans>

46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes

What is the name of each three-base chunk of mRNA that gets read during the process of translation?

Codon

a sequence of nucleotides that determine a genetic trait is called what?

gene

have scientists always known that DNA was the genetic material in our cells?

do scientists usually start research programs from scratch or do they usually build their research ideas from those or of other scientists?

no they start from the research of other scientists

what contribution of scientists Watson and Crick?

The 3D picture of the double helix

two types of fermentation

lactate acid | alcohol

place the three main parts (processes) of cellular respiration in their proper order

1. glycolisis 2. krebs cycle 3. electron transport chain

how many ATP molecules are produced by the use of oxygen in cellular respiration?

what is the energy source for the hydrothermal vent ecosystem?

chemicals from the earth

are plants the only one organisms that photosynthesize?

Does cellular respiration only occur in animals?

plants and animals both go through cellular respiration

where in the cell do the following processes occur 1. Light reactions 2. dark reactions 3. glyocolysis 4. krebs cycle

1. on the thylakoid disk membrane 2. in the stroma 3. cytoplasm 4. mitochondria

what is meiosis?

the process of creating gametes (cells with half the number chromosomes.)

what factors of gene expression explain how organisms with similar DNA can look very different?

how genes are expressed, when the genes are decoded, how a long a particular gene is active

What % genetic similarity do we have with chimpanzees?

98%

there will be a singel punnett squares for the pea plant and snapdragons (know the difference between codominace and incomplete dominance)

the pea plants traits used in the Punnett Squares on the final will be seed texture (round v. wrinkled) and flower color (purple v. white).

has one of each type of gene

heterozygous

has two of the same gene

homozygous

the actual gene combination

genotype

the physical appearance of the trait

phenotype

is found in the Hoo hair texture (straight, curly, or curly and straight)

Codominance

is found in snapdragons (red, white, pink)

incomplete dominance

calvin cycle

look at the images

liver lab

find sheet

electron transport chain of photosynthesis

watch video

membrane sac that is used for storage and waste elimination

vesicles