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Honors Biology > Finals Review 1st Semester > Flashcards

Finals Review 1st Semester Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 3 characteristics of living things?

A 
exchange gasses (not just oxygen)
Made of cells
Growth or change with environment
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2
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

controls the flow of materials in and out of the cell.

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3
Q

the site of protein synthesis

A

ribosome

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4
Q

contains the DNA and is the control center of the cell

A

nucleus

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5
Q

non-membrane bound region in the nucleus responsible for the production of ribosome components

A

nucleolus

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6
Q

process and package proteins

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

process and package proteins that will be shipped outside the cell

A

Golgi complex

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8
Q

large vesicle that stores water, minerals, and proving support for plants

A

central vacuole

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9
Q

vesicle containing digestive enzymes where molecules are broken down

A

lysosome

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10
Q

thick regid membrane that surrounds plant cells and provides support and protection

A

cell wall

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11
Q

provide support, allows easy transport of substances around the cell, and compartmentalizes cytoplasm causing a higher concentration of certain things in certain areas

A

cytoskeletal fibers

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12
Q

contains the green pigment chlorophyl used in photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

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13
Q

often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

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14
Q

name and describe the 3 types of chemical bonds

A

Covalent bonds- electrons are shared beween two or more atoms

Hydrogen bonds- weak bond between polar molecules like water

Ionic bonds- electrons are given or taken away by atoms

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15
Q

what are the 4 types of biomolecules and what are the subunits of each?

A

Carbohydrates-Monosachrides
Proteins- long chain of amino acids
Lipids- long chain of fatty acids
Nucleotides- nucleic acid

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16
Q

movement of substance from an area of high concentrations to an area of low concentration

A

diffusion

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17
Q

the diffusion water through a selectively permeable membrane from an are of high concentration to an area of low of concentration

A

osmosis

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18
Q

diffusion of molecules through membrane proteins that provide openings for polar or larger molecules

A

facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

means to go out (hyper kids get kicked out of class) Egg- Syrup and eloda in salt water

A

Hypertonic Solution

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20
Q

means to flow in (to eat to much food you bloat out) Egg- water and Eloda in fresh water

A

hypotonic

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21
Q

to stay the same (to move at the same rate) Egg white is for the egg yolk

A

Isotonic

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22
Q

very important active transport mechanism

A

sodium potassium pump

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23
Q

a vesicle is formed to move large substances into the cell

A

endocytosis

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24
Q

a vesicle is formed to move large substances out of the cell

A

exocytosis

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25
Q

converts solar energy into chemical energy

A

photosynthesis

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26
Q

process of dividing the nucleus

A

mitosis

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27
Q

special genes that coordinate the function of many other genes

A

master gene

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28
Q

for building and doing things (amino acids)

A

proteins

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29
Q

fuel (monosachrides)

A

carbohydrates

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30
Q

make cell membrane (fatty acid)

A

lipids

31
Q

the instructions for all processes in a cell like DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acid

32
Q

checks to see if the cell is developed enough to copy its DNA

A

G1

33
Q

checks to see if it is really ready to enter mitosis

A

G2

34
Q

Checks to see if the spindle fibers are properly attached to the centromere of each chromosome

A

M- Mitotic phase

35
Q

G1, S, and G2 occur

A

Interphase

36
Q

Cell Growth and normal metabolic roles

A

First Growth Phase G1

37
Q

DNA replication

A

Synthesis Replication S

38
Q

growth and preparation for mitosis

A

Second Growth Phase G2

39
Q

nuclear membrane dissolves, and chromosomes thicken

A

prophase

40
Q

chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell and spindle fibers attach

A

metaphase

41
Q

spindel fibers shorten pulling chromosomes apart to opposite sides of the cell.

A

anaphase

42
Q

nuclear membranes reform and a belt of proteins creates the cleavage furrow

A

telophase

43
Q

belt of proteins completely divided the cytoplasm and two cells are formed

A

cytokinesis

44
Q

the process of making an exact copy of the DNA chain

A

Replication (for DNA)

45
Q

the process of transferring the information found in DNA and to mRNA molecule

A

Transcription

46
Q

the process of a ribosome reading the mRNA strand and constructing the proper chain of amino acids

A

translation

47
Q

mRNA codon chart

A

be able to use it!!!!

48
Q

How many chromosomes are found in humans>

A

46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes

49
Q

What is the name of each three-base chunk of mRNA that gets read during the process of translation?

A

Codon

50
Q

a sequence of nucleotides that determine a genetic trait is called what?

A

gene

51
Q

have scientists always known that DNA was the genetic material in our cells?

A

no

52
Q

do scientists usually start research programs from scratch or do they usually build their research ideas from those or of other scientists?

A

no they start from the research of other scientists

53
Q

what contribution of scientists Watson and Crick?

A

The 3D picture of the double helix

54
Q

two types of fermentation

A

lactate acid

alcohol

55
Q

place the three main parts (processes) of cellular respiration in their proper order

A
  1. glycolisis
  2. krebs cycle
  3. electron transport chain
56
Q

how many ATP molecules are produced by the use of oxygen in cellular respiration?

A

36

57
Q

what is the energy source for the hydrothermal vent ecosystem?

A

chemicals from the earth

58
Q

are plants the only one organisms that photosynthesize?

A

No

59
Q

Does cellular respiration only occur in animals?

A

plants and animals both go through cellular respiration

60
Q

where in the cell do the following processes occur

  1. Light reactions
  2. dark reactions
  3. glyocolysis
  4. krebs cycle
A
  1. on the thylakoid disk membrane
  2. in the stroma
  3. cytoplasm
  4. mitochondria
61
Q

what is meiosis?

A

the process of creating gametes (cells with half the number chromosomes.)

62
Q

what factors of gene expression explain how organisms with similar DNA can look very different?

A

how genes are expressed, when the genes are decoded, how a long a particular gene is active

63
Q

What % genetic similarity do we have with chimpanzees?

A

98%

64
Q

there will be a singel punnett squares for the pea plant and snapdragons (know the difference between codominace and incomplete dominance)

A

the pea plants traits used in the Punnett Squares on the final will be seed texture (round v. wrinkled) and flower color (purple v. white).

65
Q

has one of each type of gene

A

heterozygous

66
Q

has two of the same gene

A

homozygous

67
Q

the actual gene combination

A

genotype

68
Q

the physical appearance of the trait

A

phenotype

69
Q

is found in the Hoo hair texture (straight, curly, or curly and straight)

A

Codominance

70
Q

is found in snapdragons (red, white, pink)

A

incomplete dominance

71
Q

calvin cycle

A

look at the images

72
Q

liver lab

A

find sheet

73
Q

electron transport chain of photosynthesis

A

watch video

74
Q

membrane sac that is used for storage and waste elimination

A

vesicles

Honors Biology (7 decks)

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