Benchmark 2 Flashcards
discovered the genetic material from one cell can be then up and used by another cell. he called this transformation.
Fredrick Griffinth
wanted to know what was causing the cell tor transform when it took up the new genetic material
Oswald Avery
conducted another experiment that further supported hte idea that DNA was the real genetic molecule. They flagged proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA of a bacteriophage with radioactie elements.
Hershey and Chase
determined the shape of the DNA molecule to be a double helix. They also built the knowledge of other scientists.
Watson and Crick
developed high quality X-ray images of DNA
Franklin and Wilkins
Have scientists always known that DNA was the genetic material in our cells?
No, they had to discover it, they didn’t know why or how DNA worked, they thought it was made out of proteins.
Whose experiment convinced most scientists that DNa must be the true genetic material?
Hershey and Chase
Do scientists usually start research programs from scratch or do they usually build their research ideas from those of other scientists?
If they are the first ones to try working on it than yes, but scientists continue to build off each others work, so they can all prove and discover that one thing
What is the basic subunit of DNA?
nucleotide
Know the four nitrogen bases in DNA and the one different nitrogen base in RNA and be able to name the bases that pair with each other
adenine-thymine, cytosine-guanine. (RNA) thymine changes to uracil
Know the differences between DNA and RNA
- DNA is double stranded while RENA is a single strand
- DNA has the bas thymine and RNA has uracil in its place
- DNA is made of the sugar dioxyribose while RNA is made of the sugar ribose
- DNA cannot leave the nucleus, but RNA can.
DNA replication
the process of copying the DNA
DNA helicase
unzips the DNA strand
DNA polymerase
adds complementary nucleotides to each open side. Is able to check and correct any mistakes in the sequence
when DNA is decoded in its loose form its in this structure
DNA double helix
the DNA/histone complex is known. (looks like a string of pearls) (histone core are the balls)
Chromatin
to avoid damaging the DNA it will wrap itself around a complex of proteins
Histone Core
what the chromatin and the DNA will twist itself into
Chromosome
Gene
a segment of DNa that codes for a particular trait.
Which organelle performs protein synthesis?
ribosome
as american biochemist, figured out the code for the amino aid phenylalanine from DNA
Marshall Nirenberg
is the process of transferring the information found in the DNA to an RNA molecule. (this happens in the nucleus)
Transcription
process of a ribosome reading the mRNA strand and constructing the proper chain of Amino Acid. (goes out of hte nucleus to the cytoplasm where it goes to the ribosome)
Translation
3 bases on te transfer RNA that will bond with the codon
Anticodon
a sequence of three nucleotides on the messenger RNA
Codon
is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of the end of the DNA chain. (Tells the ribosome when to stop)
Stop Codon
responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes
tRNA (transfer RNA)
How many chromosomes are found in humans?
46 or 23 pairs
chromosomes that have a pair. The ones that look most alike in size, shape, centromere location, and gene contribution
Homologous pairs
Why do sperm and egg have half the chromosomes?
When these cells fuse together at conception a new human is created with proper number of chromosomes.
is one genetic disorder where the chromosomes do not split properly during meiosis. The result is a sperm or egg with tow copies of a particular chromosome. Ex. 21 results in three of the 21st chromosome and is expressed as Downs Syndrome
Trisomy
