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Developmental > SPRING Cognitive Aging > Flashcards

SPRING Cognitive Aging Flashcards

1
Q

what is short term memory

A

passive holding area for immediate visual spatial and phonological info
test: forward digit span

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2
Q

what is working memory (baddeley and hitch)

A

active integration and manipulation of info in STM

test: backwards digit span or alpha span

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3
Q

non declarative/procedural long term memory

A

memory for motor/cog/academoc skills and procedures w/o active consideration
preserved with age
older adult impairment in new motor skills

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4
Q

breinstein 1996 procedural tasks

A

simple tacking - older less accurate but same rate of improvement
mirror reversed tracking - older less accurate and slower to improve

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5
Q

what is implicit memory

A

memory without conscious awarenes

ie stem completion task

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6
Q

what is priming

A

influence of previous stimulus and subsequent processing

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7
Q

priming tasks

A

stem completion

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8
Q

what is explicit memory

A

conscious recollection of previous experience or event

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9
Q

light and singh 1987 implicit vs explicit memory

A

implicit - complete with the first word that comes to mind
explicit - complete with prev seen words
no diff in age for implicit but older find explicit harder

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10
Q

what is episodic memory

A

memory for events and past experiences

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11
Q

how is explicit memory affected with age

A

sig affect with age
older less able to recall specific details of a story they have been told or recall lists and less overall content
problem in SOURCE MONITORING

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12
Q

define source monitoring

A

abilitity to recall when and where a particular event took place or if something has been previously encountered

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13
Q

konat, ben zur, and sheffer 1988 source monitoring with age

A

present old and young with word list and recall test
older less overall - more likely to repeat same words
less able to identify what has been previously recalled
impairment in recall of whether or not encountered and if dont something before or not

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14
Q

kersten et al 2008 source monitoring with age

A

older have problems recalling what others said or done
watch actors open jar, staple pages or put on headphones
recog test watch perform same or diff actions
older > attirbute action to wrong person

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15
Q

michel et al 2003 aging and EWT

A

older more prone to misleading info
1 - witness event
2- qs about false occurence in event
3 - list statements of event - what see in video or suggested to them? + confidence of judgement

older > recall seeing what suggested to them (misattribution)
less able to attribute correct source and less confident about corrext attibution (more confident about misattribution)

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16
Q

different types of episodic memory

A

free recall
cued recall
recognition memory
priming/implicit

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17
Q

diff types of episodic memory and age

A

freee recall worse ie tell me all the words you remember
recog less affected by memory - have you seen this word before
cued > free

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18
Q

craik 1986 episodic memory and age thoery

A

limited processing resources approach
memory tasks differ in extent of external support
external info guide memory in encoding and retrieval
older limited in their available resources at encoding and retrieval therefore reduced capacity to perform resource demanding tasks ie free recall require self initiated processing which is demanding of attentional processess

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19
Q

how does low external support lead to poorer recall in older adults (craik 1986)

A

low external support - greater need for self initiated processing - demands attentional resources
older adults reduces attentional resources so difficulty in self initiated processing

20
Q

craik (1986) hierachy of episodic memory with age

A

free recall (low ex support, high demand for SE processing and high age related impairment)
cued recall
recognition memory
priming/implicit (high ex support, low demand for SE processing and low age impairment)

21
Q

what is prospective memory

A

memory for future intentions
1 - form intent to carry out (what and when need to do)
2 - retain intent
3 - retrieve intent (cue/contexxt or self initiated)
4 - initiate intent

22
Q

field studies and PM

A

look at daily activities

ask to do something in everyday ie call exp

23
Q

lab studies and PM

A 
classic paradigm (einstein and mcdaniel)
give activity and ask to respond to cue word to ever set interval
must interrupt activity
24
Q

what is time based PM

A

perform action and carry out at certain time
check periodically
low external support and high demande for self initiated processing
most affected with age

25
Q

what is event based PM

A

external support

retrieve due to cue

26
Q

einstein et al 1996 PM event vs time

A

event respond to cue word or time respond every 10 mins
requires interpretation of explicit event or intetnal impetus
little age different in event PM
both find time harder but sig worse for older adults

27
Q

Craik 1986 PM

A

consistent with theory
time PM increases demand for self initiated processing and hence increase in attentional resources
BUT event less demanding and less affected by age

28
Q

PM in the real world

A

PM tasks better in older adults than young in the real world

ie more likely call at righ time, send card, log time in diary

29
Q

PM age lab and real paradox

A

older worse in lab especially if time based PM but better in real world
routine? motivation? consciousness?

30
Q

what is semantic memory

A

memory for facts, general knowledge and meaning

generally preserved with age

31
Q

what is the tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

temporary inability to retrieve known information/known word

32
Q

mayler 1990 semantic TOT and aging

A

with age, become just as likely to get correct word as you are to experience TOT
delay in naming with age

33
Q

craik 1977 STM/WM and age

A

STM very slight progressive decline but mainly in tact
tasks which require active processing via WM show greater age related decline - age related decremement thought to increase with task complexity

34
Q

why is WM thought to decline with age

A

depleted attentional resources (craik and baird)
decline in processing speed (salthouse)
decline in inhibition of unwanted info (hasher and zacks)

35
Q

laver and burke 1993 priming tasks

A

meta analysis of semantic priming tasks

effect is if anything greater in older people

36
Q

jacoby et al implicit vs explicit

A

cog tasks require both implicit and explicit processess

impaired explicit with age but intact explicit means likely to rely more on implicit response to stimuli

37
Q

dywan and jacoby 1990 false fame effect

A

more likely to think repeated ficticious names are famous people - unconscious familiarity confused with fame

38
Q

bransford franks morris and stein 1979 episodic memory and age

A

the more we know about the topic the easier it is to encode and retrieve events related to it - not due to limited resources in memory with age
sig decrease in memory for recent but good for old may be because less repetition of recent

39
Q

scaacter kaszniak, kihmstrom and valdiserri 1991 source monitoring

A

young and old given trivial info by 2 people

no group diff in factual recall BUT sig worse at judging who presented the info to them

40
Q

brimacombe et al 1997 old age and confidence of recall

A

more unconfident/uncertain language use in recall when older>younger ie “i think..” “i am not sure..”

41
Q

perfect and harris 2003 bystander effect with age - type of info to recall with age

A

young and old shown target photos of target and then line up of non target bystanders
older more make error when young>old bystanders

42
Q

craik and mcdavid 1987 criak and task eprformance in EM

A

poorer performance on memory tasks that are more demanding
recall > recog
diff smaller in cued > free recall
BUT priming generally in tact

43
Q

problem with PM lab studies in support of craik

A

not all PM demand self intiated processing

not al PM show age related decline

44
Q

maylor 1996 PM and age and lab

A

adults better in natural segging
age paradox - more experience in real work pm tasks
more feedback following lapses in intentional realisation so form compensatory strategies to improve
therefore likely to have imroved time management and organisation in everyday

45
Q

mscovich - motivation and age PM in real life

A

younger regard task demands as less improtant than life demands
younger less structures, less predictable, busier and more engaging so more difficult to remember intent of study

Developmental (17 decks)

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