attachment and parenting

Question 1

define family

Answer 1

a group of individuals who act as a filter for social influences, socialises new members and stay together as a connected unit even when no longer necessary

Question 2

what influences parental and child development?

Answer 2

both influence eachother

biodirectional

Question 3

what variables can impact the relationship between parent and child?

Answer 3

wider social issues
family members
marrital issues
school and work

Question 4

what are the different levels of influence on an individual according to Bronfenbrenner?

Answer 4

microsystem - immediate family and friends
exosystem - social and cultural factors
macrosystem - other extraneous variables

Question 5

what are the evolutionary benefits of families

Answer 5

neonates are immature at birth so require parents to care for them over a long period of time to ensure survival
ensures the continuation of genes
replace members and prevent social groups dieing out

Question 6

what are the main functions of families today

Answer 6

repoduction
socialisation
emotional support

Question 7

describe Bowlbys ethological theory of attachment

Answer 7

attachment evolved to promote survival

innate reflexes ie crying allows for a response and fulfillment of needs

Question 8

describe lorenz and imprinting as a form of attachment

Answer 8

lorenz found that after a certain age, ducklings would follow him as they would to a mother duck
recognised lorenz as their primary caregiver
emphasised the importance of critical periods for attachment

Question 9

describe bowlbys stages for ethological attachment

Answer 9

pre attachment 0-6m
- adult close to child but child okay with strangers
dev of attach 6-8m
- laugh and smile more with primary care giver
clearcut attach 8-24m
- show attachment behaviours ie seperation anxiety, stranger anxiety, secure base and social referencing
reciprocal relationship 18+
- seperation anxiety begins to decline, develop object permanent, more reasoning and negotiates

Question 10

describe bowlbys internal working model of attachment

Answer 10

cognitive framework - mental reps to understand world, self and others
age three - part of a child’s personality - affects their understanding of world and future interactions (Schore, 2000)

confidence assurance and expectiations are influential factors - use memory and prev experiences to asses new situations and contacts

update with age and experience
ie loved, well assured, expect rapid fulfillment of needs = secure
BUT less confident, neglected, unloved = avoidant

Primary care giver ‘prototype’ for future relationships

Question 11

advantages of bowlbys ethological theory of attachment

Answer 11

comprised of both a biological and psychoanalytic approach - explain range
based on observable behaviours
research suggests that the attachment styles are relatively stable over time providing support for the rigidity of the theory

Question 12

disadvantages of bowlbys ethological theory of attachment

Answer 12

too prescriptive - ignores environ influences
rutter 1972 - bowlby oversimplify maternal deprivation - broken/disrupted attach
Privation - lack of an attachment
doesnt take into account other attach
cant explain secure attach after critical periods ie adoption
Van Ijzendoorn, & Tavecchio (1987) stable network of adults provide adequate care - may have advantages over a system where a mother has to meet all a child’s needs.

Question 13

describe bowlby 1944 study

Answer 13

juiveniles seperated from mothers - maternal depravation, showed higher levels of antisocial behaviour, unable to form new attachments and little concern for others

Question 14

how can you measure infant attachment

Answer 14

observable behaviours

categorise behaviours into specific attachment types

Question 15

describe ainsworth attachment types

Answer 15

secure - parent secure base, seek care when upset, prefer carer over stranger, seperation anxiety but not always, immediately comforted on reunion
avoidant - unresponsive and not distressed when seperated, avoidant on reunion and doesnt seek
resistant - doesnt explore, clingy, distressed when seperate, not easily comforted
disorganised - unsecure, contradictory and not well understood

Question 16

advantages of ainsworth strange situation

Answer 16

naturalistic
standardised and not self report
blanchard and main - compared reliably with home observations
reflects everyday

Question 17

disadvantages of ainsworth strange situation

Answer 17

short, artificial episodes so not entirely true to life
20 mins - not reflective of behaviours all the time
mothers behave unnaturally as know being watched

Question 18

describe Waters et al 1995 q sort attachment test

Answer 18

at home observation by trained observer
watch over long period
observe wide range of behaviours
may fill out quesitonaire

Question 19

disadvantages of q sort (waters et al 1995)

Answer 19

bias/subjective

Question 20

describe Van Izenboorn and Kroonenberg (1998) study

Answer 20

attachment across cultures
secure most common BUT
japan - anxious resistant as spend long periods with mother so not used to seperation
israel - multiple attachments
germany - more avoidant as value independence

Question 21

long term consequences of attachment

Answer 21

secure attach has more positive outcomes - confident, social and positive

sroufe et al (2005) teen summer camp study
- insecure more risky sexual behaviours and influences relationships with others

Question 22

explain the stability of attachments

Answer 22

30-90% remain as same attachment type
dependent on a variety of factors - ses/life events
consistency in environment more liely to lead to consistency in attachment

by 4-5yrs, appears very resilient

Question 23

reasons for attachment types

Answer 23

biringen 2000
- mostly down to the responsiveness and availability of caregiver

van den boorn 1994
- low ses mothers risk of insecure attachments given intervention for responsiveness and improve attachment

Question 24

what is parental responsivity linked to

Answer 24

higher academic achievement
more compliant
better social

Question 25

what is parental emotional warmth linked to

Answer 25

``` social adaptation better social skills better high acc achievement lower agg and delinquency protective ```

Question 26

how can communication influence development

Answer 26

more elaborative parents - better memory and more complex language skills important to listen and converse with child into adolescence

Question 27

describe how methods of control can affect child behaviour

Answer 27

kurdeck and fine 1994 consistency of rules has a sig effect and pos rienf most effective op conditioning used to increase good behaviours ie reward charts marawska and sanders 2011 - naughty step not very effective - mixed findings prinzie et al 2004 - neg behaviours correlate with neg discipline general encouragement of good grades = better overall than those rewarded/punished shwartz 1990 - when rienforcement is withdrawn, will engage in activity even less than before

Question 28

studies explaining methods of control

Answer 28

kurdeck and fine 1994 marawska and sanders 2011 prinzie et al 2004 shwartz 1990

Question 29

describe different aspects of parenting

Answer 29

acceptance of child for who they are, control, extent that parent grants apropriate levels of indrependence, and involvement (practical and emotional)

Question 30

styles of parenting

Answer 30

authoritative authoritarian permissive uninvolved

Question 31

describe authoritative parenting

Answer 31

warm, reponsive and patient consistent in control and explains rules allows age appropriate decisions and encourages expects maturity but inderstands level of dev

Question 32

describe authoritarian parenting

Answer 32

emotionally cold, rejecting and negative high control and demanding makes decisions for child, ignores pov traditionally victorian - strict child often aggressive, anxious or withdrwn withdrawn if follows through with punishment and defiant if doesnt

Question 33

describe permissive parenting

Answer 33

warm, indulgent and attentive few demands or boundaries allows non-age app decisions impacts adolescence - antisocial as not used to rules, less independent and poor academic

Question 34

describe uninvolved parenting

Answer 34

``` emotionally detached/withdrawn few demands indifferent to decisins psychologically unavailable can be neglect can lead to risky behaviours in adolescence ```

Question 35

studies of authoritative parenting

Answer 35

corckenberg and litman (1990) parenting linked to consitent good outcomes amato and fauler 2004 fewer problems, high se, academic success

Question 36

describe steinberg and dombusch 1987-1995 study into parenting

Answer 36

longditudinal study of 11000 children into adolescence | maccoby and mrtin criteria - self reliance, confidence, academic, psych distress and misconduct

Question 37

results of steinberg and dombusch 1987-1995

Answer 37

autoritative highest GPA and lowest delinquency gpa decrease and delinquency increase over diff styles - authoritarian, permissive then neglect

Question 38

advantages of martin and maccoby model

Answer 38

steinberg and dombusch confirm the diff styles related to diff outcomes observable behaviours that can be measured

Question 39

disadvantages of martin and maccoby

Answer 39

deterministic and only uses associations doesnt consider external factors on parental style biodirectional - child influence parent unclear if supports critical periods and when it is most important to be specific parenting styles two parents have diff styles styles can change over time and dependent on ext. factors ie work load

Question 40

parent styles and attach

Answer 40

secure = authoritative insecure av = authoritatian/permissive insecure/resist = uninvolved

Question 41

parenting styles and low SES

Answer 41

- value manners and neatness - low paternal involvement - higher physical punish - low authority - high stress

Question 42

parent styles and high ses

Answer 42

- value curiosity, happiness and maturity - greater paternal involvement and education - warmth - higher authority - economic security

Question 43

variatoin in parent style and ses

Answer 43

high ses also linked to depression, anxiety and drug abuse - parents and child overscheduled and dont always spend time - pressure to suceed

Question 44

other influences on dev and parenting style

Answer 44

``` size of family gender structure birth order employment personality characteristics ```

Question 45

attachment and parenting in adolescence

Answer 45

increased conflict same level of attachment teens want more autonomy and form own identities levitt et al 1993 - friends more supporting but fam same support

Question 46

Describe ainsworth strange situation steps

Answer 46

M + c M + c + s C + s M + c C C + s M + c

Question 47

Describe jassens 1994 authoritarian parenting

Answer 47

Look at relationship between rearing, parent locus of control and child behaviour View child as internalise/externalise - low locus of control Low locus of control = authoritarian parenting - sig if see child internalise/externalise More authoritarian If view child as externaliser

Question 48

Describe locus of control

Answer 48

Extent parent believed they can control their child's behaviour

Question 49

Describe Martin and mac obj (1983) definition of parenting

Answer 49

``` Style depend on Demandingness - control - supervision - maturity demands Responsiveness - warmth - acceptance - involvement ``` Authoritative - high demand and response Authoritarian - high demand low response Permissive - low demand high response Uninvolved - low demand and response