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attachment and parenting Flashcards

1
Q

define family

A

a group of individuals who act as a filter for social influences, socialises new members and stay together as a connected unit even when no longer necessary

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2
Q

what influences parental and child development?

A

both influence eachother

biodirectional

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3
Q

what variables can impact the relationship between parent and child?

A

wider social issues
family members
marrital issues
school and work

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4
Q

what are the different levels of influence on an individual according to Bronfenbrenner?

A

microsystem - immediate family and friends
exosystem - social and cultural factors
macrosystem - other extraneous variables

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5
Q

what are the evolutionary benefits of families

A

neonates are immature at birth so require parents to care for them over a long period of time to ensure survival
ensures the continuation of genes
replace members and prevent social groups dieing out

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6
Q

what are the main functions of families today

A

repoduction
socialisation
emotional support

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7
Q

describe Bowlbys ethological theory of attachment

A

attachment evolved to promote survival

innate reflexes ie crying allows for a response and fulfillment of needs

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8
Q

describe lorenz and imprinting as a form of attachment

A

lorenz found that after a certain age, ducklings would follow him as they would to a mother duck
recognised lorenz as their primary caregiver
emphasised the importance of critical periods for attachment

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9
Q

describe bowlbys stages for ethological attachment

A

pre attachment 0-6m
- adult close to child but child okay with strangers
dev of attach 6-8m
- laugh and smile more with primary care giver
clearcut attach 8-24m
- show attachment behaviours ie seperation anxiety, stranger anxiety, secure base and social referencing
reciprocal relationship 18+
- seperation anxiety begins to decline, develop object permanent, more reasoning and negotiates

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10
Q

describe bowlbys internal working model of attachment

A

cognitive framework - mental reps to understand world, self and others
age three - part of a child’s personality - affects their understanding of world and future interactions (Schore, 2000)

confidence assurance and expectiations are influential factors - use memory and prev experiences to asses new situations and contacts

update with age and experience
ie loved, well assured, expect rapid fulfillment of needs = secure
BUT less confident, neglected, unloved = avoidant

Primary care giver ‘prototype’ for future relationships

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11
Q

advantages of bowlbys ethological theory of attachment

A

comprised of both a biological and psychoanalytic approach - explain range
based on observable behaviours
research suggests that the attachment styles are relatively stable over time providing support for the rigidity of the theory

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12
Q

disadvantages of bowlbys ethological theory of attachment

A

too prescriptive - ignores environ influences
rutter 1972 - bowlby oversimplify maternal deprivation - broken/disrupted attach
Privation - lack of an attachment
doesnt take into account other attach
cant explain secure attach after critical periods ie adoption
Van Ijzendoorn, & Tavecchio (1987) stable network of adults provide adequate care - may have advantages over a system where a mother has to meet all a child’s needs.

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13
Q

describe bowlby 1944 study

A

juiveniles seperated from mothers - maternal depravation, showed higher levels of antisocial behaviour, unable to form new attachments and little concern for others

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14
Q

how can you measure infant attachment

A

observable behaviours

categorise behaviours into specific attachment types

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15
Q

describe ainsworth attachment types

A

secure - parent secure base, seek care when upset, prefer carer over stranger, seperation anxiety but not always, immediately comforted on reunion
avoidant - unresponsive and not distressed when seperated, avoidant on reunion and doesnt seek
resistant - doesnt explore, clingy, distressed when seperate, not easily comforted
disorganised - unsecure, contradictory and not well understood

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16
Q

advantages of ainsworth strange situation

A

naturalistic
standardised and not self report
blanchard and main - compared reliably with home observations
reflects everyday

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17
Q

disadvantages of ainsworth strange situation

A

short, artificial episodes so not entirely true to life
20 mins - not reflective of behaviours all the time
mothers behave unnaturally as know being watched

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18
Q

describe Waters et al 1995 q sort attachment test

A

at home observation by trained observer
watch over long period
observe wide range of behaviours
may fill out quesitonaire

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19
Q

disadvantages of q sort (waters et al 1995)

A

bias/subjective

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20
Q

describe Van Izenboorn and Kroonenberg (1998) study

A

attachment across cultures
secure most common BUT
japan - anxious resistant as spend long periods with mother so not used to seperation
israel - multiple attachments
germany - more avoidant as value independence

21
Q

long term consequences of attachment

A

secure attach has more positive outcomes - confident, social and positive

sroufe et al (2005) teen summer camp study
- insecure more risky sexual behaviours and influences relationships with others

22
Q

explain the stability of attachments

A

30-90% remain as same attachment type
dependent on a variety of factors - ses/life events
consistency in environment more liely to lead to consistency in attachment

by 4-5yrs, appears very resilient

23
Q

reasons for attachment types

A

biringen 2000
- mostly down to the responsiveness and availability of caregiver

van den boorn 1994
- low ses mothers risk of insecure attachments given intervention for responsiveness and improve attachment

24
Q

what is parental responsivity linked to

A

higher academic achievement
more compliant
better social

25
Q

what is parental emotional warmth linked to

A 
social adaptation better
social skills better
high acc achievement
lower agg and delinquency 
protective
26
Q

how can communication influence development

A

more elaborative parents - better memory and more complex language skills
important to listen and converse with child into adolescence

27
Q

describe how methods of control can affect child behaviour

A

kurdeck and fine 1994
consistency of rules has a sig effect and pos rienf most effective
op conditioning used to increase good behaviours ie reward charts
marawska and sanders 2011 - naughty step not very effective - mixed findings
prinzie et al 2004 - neg behaviours correlate with neg discipline
general encouragement of good grades = better overall than those rewarded/punished
shwartz 1990 - when rienforcement is withdrawn, will engage in activity even less than before

28
Q

studies explaining methods of control

A

kurdeck and fine 1994
marawska and sanders 2011
prinzie et al 2004
shwartz 1990

29
Q

describe different aspects of parenting

A

acceptance of child for who they are, control, extent that parent grants apropriate levels of indrependence, and involvement (practical and emotional)

30
Q

styles of parenting

A

authoritative
authoritarian
permissive
uninvolved

31
Q

describe authoritative parenting

A

warm, reponsive and patient
consistent in control and explains rules
allows age appropriate decisions and encourages
expects maturity but inderstands level of dev

32
Q

describe authoritarian parenting

A

emotionally cold, rejecting and negative
high control and demanding
makes decisions for child, ignores pov
traditionally victorian - strict
child often aggressive, anxious or withdrwn
withdrawn if follows through with punishment and defiant if doesnt

33
Q

describe permissive parenting

A

warm, indulgent and attentive
few demands or boundaries
allows non-age app decisions
impacts adolescence - antisocial as not used to rules, less independent and poor academic

34
Q

describe uninvolved parenting

A 
emotionally detached/withdrawn
few demands
indifferent to decisins
psychologically unavailable 
can be neglect 
can lead to risky behaviours in adolescence
35
Q

studies of authoritative parenting

A

corckenberg and litman (1990)
parenting linked to consitent good outcomes

amato and fauler 2004
fewer problems, high se, academic success

36
Q

describe steinberg and dombusch 1987-1995 study into parenting

A

longditudinal study of 11000 children into adolescence

maccoby and mrtin criteria - self reliance, confidence, academic, psych distress and misconduct

37
Q

results of steinberg and dombusch 1987-1995

A

autoritative highest GPA and lowest delinquency
gpa decrease and delinquency increase over diff styles -
authoritarian, permissive then neglect

38
Q

advantages of martin and maccoby model

A

steinberg and dombusch confirm the diff styles related to diff outcomes
observable behaviours that can be measured

39
Q

disadvantages of martin and maccoby

A

deterministic and only uses associations
doesnt consider external factors on parental style
biodirectional - child influence parent
unclear if supports critical periods and when it is most important to be specific parenting styles
two parents have diff styles
styles can change over time and dependent on ext. factors ie work load

40
Q

parent styles and attach

A

secure = authoritative
insecure av = authoritatian/permissive
insecure/resist = uninvolved

41
Q

parenting styles and low SES

A
  • value manners and neatness
  • low paternal involvement
  • higher physical punish
  • low authority
  • high stress
42
Q

parent styles and high ses

A
  • value curiosity, happiness and maturity
  • greater paternal involvement and education
  • warmth
  • higher authority
  • economic security
43
Q

variatoin in parent style and ses

A

high ses also linked to depression, anxiety and drug abuse

  • parents and child overscheduled and dont always spend time
  • pressure to suceed
44
Q

other influences on dev and parenting style

A 
size of family
gender
structure
birth order
employment
personality characteristics
45
Q

attachment and parenting in adolescence

A

increased conflict
same level of attachment
teens want more autonomy and form own identities

levitt et al 1993
- friends more supporting but fam same support

46
Q

Describe ainsworth strange situation steps

A

M + c

M + c + s

C + s

M + c

C

C + s

M + c

47
Q

Describe jassens 1994 authoritarian parenting

A

Look at relationship between rearing, parent locus of control and child behaviour

View child as internalise/externalise - low locus of control

Low locus of control = authoritarian parenting - sig if see child internalise/externalise

More authoritarian If view child as externaliser

48
Q

Describe locus of control

A

Extent parent believed they can control their child’s behaviour

49
Q

Describe Martin and mac obj (1983) definition of parenting

A 
Style depend on 
Demandingness 
- control 
- supervision 
- maturity demands 
Responsiveness 
- warmth 
- acceptance 
- involvement

Authoritative - high demand and response
Authoritarian - high demand low response
Permissive - low demand high response
Uninvolved - low demand and response

Developmental (17 decks)

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