Sprains strains and fractures Flashcards
What is a linear fracture
Fx that runs along the axis to the bone, parallel to the outer cortex
What is the most common fracture orientation
Transverse
What is a transverse fracture and how does it occur
Fx line perpendicular to the length of the bone
involves are cortices
Can be displaced
What is an oblique fracture
Fx line that runs diagonally to the length of the bone
How is an oblique fx different from a spiral fx
Oblique is shorter than spiral
What is a spiral fx
Fx that runs around the bone encircling it
Look for rotational lines and listen to hx
What causes a spiral fx
High energy impact
What is an impacted fx
Fx fragments get pushed together (Typically in vertebrae)
What disease is often associated with compression fx
Osteoporosis
What is an enthesis
Insertion site for a tendon or ligament
What is an adventitious bursa
Those that develop over time, secondary to chronic friction
If a patient comes in with normal ROM, Swelling, Warmth, and erythema over a joint… what might their diagnosis be
Bursitis
Which type of bursa are more likely to become infected
Superficial
What is generally the mechanism behind a muscle strain
Quick, forced motion such that muscles are strained beyond normal
What is a grade 1 muscle strain
Pain but no deformity, seen in untrained athletes
What is a grade 2 muscle strain
Muscle body is intact but there are some torn fibers, swelling, pain, and bruising
What is a grade 3 muscle strain
Trauma resulting in tearing of fascia and muscle. Will see notable deformity
What is the mechanism of injury for a transverse fx
Direct blow to the bone
What is an avulsion fx
Piece of bone breaks off at the ligament or tendon insertion site
What is an intracapsular fx
Fx line that extends into the joint capsule
If a patient comes in with an intracapsular fx what are they at higher risk for
Osteoarthritis and long term joint dysfunction
What is an extra capsular fx
Joint capsule is not violated
What is a greenstick fx
Outer cortex of one side of the bone fractures with splintering extending into the spongy bone
Who generally gets greenstick fx
Children and elderly
Which bone is generally affected by a greenstick fx
Tibia, radius, ulna
What is another name for a buckle fx
Torus fx
What is a buckle fx
Cortex squishes down and bulges outward but the bone does not break
What is the mechanism of injury with a buckle fx
FOOSH
Axial loading of the bone
What is a bowing fx
Bone will bend instead of break
What is the mechanism of injury with a bowing fx
Longitudinal force
What is a stress fx
pathological fx where the stress placed on the bone is greater than it can handle
What type of people generally have stress fx
Military or runners
Which bones are generally affected by stress fx
Lower extremities
Spine in elderly
What is a pathologic fracture
Fracture that occurs at the site of disease or weakness
What pathologies can lead to a pathologic fx
Osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, bone tumor
Where are the most common areas for a pathologic fx
Subtrochanteric, humeral head, and vertebral body
What are the two different forms of the healing process
Direct and indirect
What is part of the direct healing process
Primary healing of the cortex (Bone aligns)
Often through ORIF
What is part of the indirect healing process
Secondary healing where callus forms around uneven bone surfaces, eventually leading to remodeling
What is a non-union healing complication
Gap edges between the fracture pieces of bone fills with tissue instead of bone
What is a delayed union healing process
Healing is still occurring 8-9 months after initial injury
What is a malunion healing complication
Incorrect alignment of bone
