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CABS MSK exam > Skeletal 1000ft review > Flashcards

Skeletal 1000ft review Flashcards

1
Q

What gives rise to new bone

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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2
Q

what cells create new bone

A

osteoblasts

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3
Q

What boney cells are mechanoreceptors

A

osteocytes

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4
Q

What do osteoclasts do

A

reabsorb bone and assist with mineral homeostasis

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5
Q

What is the periosteum and what does it contain

A

covering of the bone than contains vasculature and nerves

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6
Q

What cells develop osteoblasts

A

osteoprogenator cells

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7
Q

How many layers make up the periosteum

A

2

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8
Q

What does the external layer of the periosteum contain

A

vasculature and nerves -> branch through volkman canals

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9
Q

What is the most sensitive area of bone

A

external layer of periosteum because of nerves

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10
Q

What does the internal layer of the periosteum contain

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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11
Q

How is the internal layer of the periosteum attached to the bone

A

sharpey fibers

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12
Q

What makes up roughly 85% of the bone

A

compact or cortical bone

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13
Q

What makes up the cortical bone

A

Haversian system

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14
Q

What is the functional unit of the Haversian system

A

Osteon

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15
Q

what is the lamellae

A

Central or Haversian canal surrounded by layers of matrix

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16
Q

What does the lamellae contain

A

Arterial / venous blood supply, nerves, lymph

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17
Q

What are lacunae

A

spaces between lamellae layers

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18
Q

Where are osteocytes found

A

in the lacunae

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19
Q

Why are osteocytes within the lacunae covered in fluid

A

To allow for transfer of nutrients and waste

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20
Q

what are canaliculi

A

Extensions of the osteocyte that allow for nutritional exchange

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21
Q

Where is the volkman canal

A

Perpendicular to the Haversian canal and contain the vasculature

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22
Q

Which part of the bone is layered, mesh like formation of trabeculae

A

Spongy bone

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23
Q

What covers the spongy bone

A

Endosteum

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24
Q

What is the role of the spongy bone

A

Assist with metabolic demands of the bone

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25
Q

What cells does the endosteum contain

A

osteoblasts and precursor cells

26
Q

Where is the endosteum found

A

Lining the inner aspect the bone covering the trabeculae

lines the canals weaving through cortical bone

27
Q

Where is bone marrow found

A

within the medullary canal and within the spongy bone

28
Q

What is red marrow responsible for

A

hematopoiesis

29
Q

What is yellow marrow responsible for

A

storing fat unless trauma occurs-> then can turn into red marrow

30
Q

What does the boney matrix contain

A

Calcium binding proteins, adhesion proteins, mineralization proteins (osteocalcin)

31
Q

What is the most important building block in the body

A

Collagen

32
Q

What makes up the bone matrix

A

osteoid and minerals

33
Q

What does crystalize calcium do in the boney matrix

A

Hard support for the bone

34
Q

What do collagen fibers do in the bone matrix

A

support/strength

35
Q

What do proteoglycans do

A

Proteins that transport calcium and help organize the extracellular matrix

36
Q

What do bone morphogenic proteins do

A

assist with repair of bone and supportive structures

37
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete

A

Collagen

38
Q

What is the order of bone formation in fetal development

A

chondrocytes
osteoblasts
osteocytes

39
Q

What allows for mineralization of the bone

A

Calcium phosphate -> hydroxyapatite crystal

40
Q

How does PTH effect osteoblasts

A

A change in PTH will cause a release of osteocalcin which creates an osteoid

41
Q

What is an osteoid

A

non-mineralized bone

42
Q

What determines the rate of osteoclast formation

A

RANKL cells which are controlled by hormones and nutrition

43
Q

What is the progression of bone cells in the body

A

mesenchymal stem cells
osteoprogenetor cells
osteoblasts
osteocyte

44
Q

What do osteoblasts produce

A

calcium phosphate which is then converted in hydroxyapatite and collagen

45
Q

What does transforming growth factor do

A

protein that regulates bone formation

46
Q

What stimulates bone growth

A

Pressure

47
Q

What occurs when calcium blood levels increase

A

Thyroid gland will secrete calcitonin which then stimulates calcium deposits in the bone

48
Q

What occurs when calcium blood levels decrease

A

Parathyroid gland releases PTH which causes osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release calcium into the blood

49
Q

What makes up the majority of bone cells

A

Osteocyte

50
Q

Where are osteocytes found

A

Encased in osteoid within the space of lacuna

51
Q

What is the purpose of cilia on osteocytes

A

To act as mechanoreceptors

52
Q

What is the role of osteocytes

A

Control calcium and phosphate levels

Tell osteoclasts and osteoblasts when to alter bone formation

endocrine receptor

53
Q

What is the osteoclast

A

macrophage of the bone

54
Q

How do osteoclasts break down bone

A

triggers PTH secretion

Hydrochloric acid will dissolve mineral in the bone

Create resorption lacunae which is irregular surface

55
Q

What happens when osteoclasts are stimulated by calcitonin

A

Release their podosomes

56
Q

Where does calcitonin come from and what is its role

A

Thyroid gland

Lowers calcium blood levels

57
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do and where does it come from

A

Parathyroid glands
increases blood calcium levels

58
Q

What are the key hormones in bone development

A

Calcitonin
parathyroid
vitamin D synergist of PTH

59
Q

How are long bones developed

A

Via enchondral ossification from hyaline cartilage

60
Q

What area of bone allows for elongation

A

metaphysis

61
Q

What is positional bone growth

A

thickening of the bone

CABS MSK exam (9 decks)

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