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CABS MSK exam > Muscles overview > Flashcards

Muscles overview Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the body weight is muscle

A

40%

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2
Q

How is muscle created

A

Via myogenesis

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3
Q

What cell does muscle create

A

Myoblasts

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4
Q

What do myoblasts form

A

Multiple will fuse to form myotubes which will turn into muscle fibers

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5
Q

What is the fascia on the muscle

A

Connective tissue that encases the muscles individually

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6
Q

Where is the muscle fascia found

A

Outermost layer of the epimysium

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7
Q

Where is the perimysium found

A

Subdivides muscles further into fascicles

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8
Q

Where is the endomysium found

A

Wrapped around the individual muscle fibers

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9
Q

What prevents muscles from sudden changes in speed and position

A

Fascia

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10
Q

What part of the muscle is the largest

A

Muscle belly

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11
Q

What makes up the fascicle

A

Muscle fibers

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12
Q

What makes up muscle fibers

A

myofibrils

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13
Q

What are myofibrils composed of

A

thick and thin filaments

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14
Q

What is a muscle fiber

A

Singular muscle cell

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15
Q

What are the contractile units of the muscle

A

myofibrils

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16
Q

How are the muscle fibers differentiated

A

fast twitch fibers

Slow twitch fibers

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17
Q

What determines the muscle twitch speed

A

nerve impulse

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18
Q

What color are fast twitch fibers and what do they do

A

white

have large, fast conducting nerves

more anaerobic and wear out faster

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19
Q

What are type 2 fibers

A

fast twitch fibers

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20
Q

What color are slow twitch fibers and how do they work

A

Red (Aerobic)<- hemoglobin

Will contract for longer periods of time (holding posture)

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21
Q

What are type. 1 fibers

A

slow twitch

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22
Q

Which gender have larger muscle fibers

A

Men

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23
Q

What is the sarcolemma

A

Muscular membrane which will increase the rapid spread of the electrical conduction

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24
Q

What does the sarcolemma do

A

Assists with nutritional transport and protein synthesis

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25
Q

What do the Na/K pumps do

A

Keep the charge gradient to allow for conduction (#1 pump in the body)

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26
Q

What do T tubules do and where are they found

A

Found in cardiac and skeletal muscle

Helps with rapid conduction

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27
Q

Where are mitochondria in the muscle found and what do they do

A

Found within the sarcoplasm and they form ATP

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28
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do

A

Help with calcium transport and calcium storage

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29
Q

How is calcium useful in the muscle

A

Electrolyte that is required for muscle contraction

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30
Q

Where do nerves branch off of for voluntary skeletal muscle control

A

anterior horn

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31
Q

What determines the rate of muscular fatigue and fine motor movement

A

Number of muscle fibers innervated by each nerve branch

32
Q

What does more nerve fibers allow for

A

Less muscle fatigue but also less precise movement

33
Q

What is the funtional contractile protein of the muscle fiber

A

myofibril

34
Q

What do sarcomeres contain

A

actin and myosin

35
Q

Where are sarcomeres found and what are they made up of

A

They run parallel to the myofibril and are made up of repeating protein series

36
Q

What separates sarcomeres

A

Z Disc

37
Q

What is a thick band made up of

A

Myosin

38
Q

What is a thin band made up of

A

actin

39
Q

What does titin do

A

Help muscles spring back from contraction… muscle elasticity (Z line)

40
Q

What does myosin help with

A

Contraction via the utilization of ATP

41
Q

What does troponin do

A

Helps with actin-myosin activation by allowing Calcium to bind

42
Q

What is tropomyosin and what does it do

A

Regulatory protein that helps structural support and maintains filament length

43
Q

What does the troponin complex do

A

Keeps the active potential binding sites of the actin covered

44
Q

What does creatinine measure

A

Kidney function

45
Q

When is creatinine kinase found

A

Rhabdo

46
Q

What is rhabdo

A

When a person gets rehydrated, the kidneys become flooded with creatinine and its clogs the kidney filter -> kidney failure

47
Q

What are the steps in muscle contraction

A

excitation
coupling
contraction
relaxation

48
Q

When is action potential transmitted

A

After the first nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction

49
Q

What happens when the action potential is triggered

A

Calcium is released

50
Q

What happens during the coupling stage

A

calcium goes to the myofilament which causes tropomyosin to release actin

51
Q

What happens during the contraction stage

A

When troponin is released, the actin will slide toward thick filament

Myosin head attaches to actin = cross bridging

52
Q

What is released during bridging in the contraction phase

A

ATP is released

53
Q

What happens in the relaxation phase

A

Calcium is reabsorbed within the sarcoplasmic reticulum

54
Q

What happens with calcium is reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

actin is rebound

bridge is released

Relaxation occurs

55
Q

What is the first step in muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine is released from the terminal end of the neuromuscular junction

56
Q

What happens after acetylcholine is released

A

The t-tubules are depolarized via the Na+/K exchange (Increasing the charge)

57
Q

What does the t-tubule depolarization cause

A

The release of stored calcium from the sarcolemma

58
Q

What will prime the muscles involved with contraction

A

agonist

59
Q

What does an antagonist do during muscle contraction

A

relax in order to allow the agonist to complete the task

60
Q

What does the stretch response ensure

A

appropriate muscle tone

61
Q

What activates the stretch response

A

Spindles activate the stretch response

spindles are the mechanoreceptors

62
Q

What type of muscle is skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary, striated muscle with several nuclei

63
Q

What causes striations in the muscle

A

sarcomeres

64
Q

What type of muscle is cardiac muscle and some key characteristics

A

Striated
involuntary
only one nucleus per cell

65
Q

What are two big differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers

A

NA+/K depolarizes more readily is cardiac muscle

CA+ induces muscular contraction more easily is cardiac muscle

Contains more mitochondria than skeletal

66
Q

What type of muscle is smooth muscle

A

non-striated

67
Q

What are characteristics of smooth muscle

A

Uninucleated fusiform cell

more elastic

spread of depolarization allows for a spiral corkscrew pattern

lacks sarcolemma

68
Q

What are examples of unitary smooth muscle

A

GI/GU systems (Visceral)

69
Q

What are smooth muscles controlled by

A

Autonomic nervous system

70
Q

How do smooth muscles move

A

They are electrically coupled to each other to create a rhythmic contraction and connected via gap junctions

71
Q

What are examples of multiunit smooth muscles

A

Pupils for dilation/constriction, Bronchial smooth muscle, tunica media, erector pili

72
Q

How do multiunit smooth muscles move

A

They have their own individual nerve endings

73
Q

What does creatinine measure

A

Kidney function

74
Q

If a patient has an increase in their creatinine, what is it indicative of

A

Kidney failure

75
Q

When is creatinine kinase found

A

Rhabdo

CABS MSK exam (9 decks)

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