Sport In Industrial And Post-industrial Britain (1780-1900)

Question 1

Social factors influencing the development of lawn tennis, association football and track and field in 19th century

Answer 1

-Additional time- reduction of working hours
-Transport development (rail)
-Media development/communications
-NGBs/clubs
-Factory/church teams
-Professional teams/leagues
-Urbanisation - purpose built facilities
-commercialisation/paid to compete
-public provision/parks/public baths
-technology/facilities/equiptment

Question 2

Characteristics of rational recreation

Answer 2

Rational recreation involved the development of well-ordered, organised and controlled sport for the masses
-Respectability: non violent, focused on fair play and sportsmanship
-Structured- codified and highly structured with rules in place by NGBs
-Played regularly: with regular Saturday afternoon fixtures eg. Football, in free time
-Officiated by referees/officials to enforce rules
-skills and tactics based, reflecting increased education and literacy amoung masses

Question 3

Factors affecting women’s participation in lawn tennis in late 19th century

Answer 3

-Women could play in privacy of their own garden, away from view.
-Tennis became a social game which could be played as a mid-sex activity
-It was an opportunity to be athletic and energetic but did not have to be vigorous, women could retain their decorum and stay ladylike.
-No special kit was initially required-women could dress modestly to play tennis (development of women in athletics was slower, as kit was inappropriate/too revealing)
-Positive female role models emerged eg. Lottie Dodd as early Wimbolden champion

Question 4

Why was women’s involvement in elite level marathon running delayed toward the end of the 20th century?

Answer 4

-Not approved by the IAAF/IOC until 1984 Olympics
-Lack of access to international events
-Sterotypes and myths that it was too strenuous for females

Question 5

Initial negative effects of Industrial Revolution of physical activity

Answer 5

-Lack of space and overcrowding due to rapid migration
-Lack of leisure time: shift from seasonal to machine time, long 12 hour work days, 6 days a week
-lack of income- low wages and poverty, little income for lesiure
-poor health- little energy to play sport, due to poor living/working conditions/hygine/pollution
-Loss of rights: restrictions placed on mobility games by criminal laws
-lack of public provision: no facilities/equiptment for working classes, only upper

Question 6

Positive impacts of Industrial Revolution on sporting participation for working classes in 2nd half of 19th century

Answer 6

-Health and hygine improved as a result of improvements in living conditions and public provision such as public baths, so people had more energy to play sport.
-Gradual increase in wages and more time for sport due to Factory Acts and Saturday Half days
-Emergence of middle class (self made men who took advantage of new Buisness opportunities and industrialised Britain)- formed NGBs
-Influence of church- muscular Christianity/moral integrity
-Industrial patronage
-Imporvements in transport and communication

Question 7

What was industrial patronage?

Answer 7

Factory owners becoming ‘patrons of sport’ for the working class by providing them support to participate in various ways led to provision for recreation-factory teams set out sporting facilities were provided. This decreased absenteeism and encouraged loyalty in the workforce.

Question 8

HITFOR (initial negative effects of the Industrial Revolution)

Answer 8

-H= HEALTH and hygiene was poor (little energy for sport)
-I= INCOME (lack of income)
-T= TIME= (lack of time)
-F= FACILITIES were lacking
-O= OVERCROWDING (lack of space in urban areas)
-R= RIGHTS (loss of rights: mob games banned)

Question 9

What is muscular Christianity?

Answer 9

• A Christian movement that emerged in mid 19th century England characterised by the belief in manliness, the moral and physical beauty of athleticism , teamwork, discipline and self sacrifice.