Skill acquisition Flashcards
Which component of Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model coordinates sight, hearing and movement information into sequences to be sent to the long-term memory
Episodic buffer
What is temporal anticipation
Predicting when the action will occur- when a player will shoot in hockey, when the gun will fire in sprinting.
What is spatial anticipation
Predicting what action is going to be performed and where- eg. goalkeeper predicting where the player will shoot in a penalty kick.
Outline three factors that make a demonstration effective (3 marks)
1) The demonstration is accurate
2) Everyone can see the demonstration and it is clear
3) Everyone is paying attention and is motivated
4) Verbal guidance is included and specific cues are highlighted
5) The demonstration is performed by a role model or more specific other
6) The demonstration is within the performers physical capability and stage of learning
7) The demonstration is broken down into subroutines
8) There is limited time between the demonstration and practice
9) The demonstration is repeated
What is a continuous skill
A skill with no clear beggining or end eg. running
High v low organisational skill
High organisation: cannot be split into parts or sub-routines easily such as cycling leg action
Low organisation: easily split into sub-routines and made up of separate discrete elements such as triple jump
How can a coach ensure that important information is stored in the gymnast’s long term memory? (4)
-Rehearse and repeat basic skills, leading to overlearning of motor programmes
-Make information meaningful, and link/associate to past experiences
-Mental rehearsal/imagery
-Chunking: small groups of information should be put together and memorised as one, this expands the capacity of the working memory and allows more information to be stored.
-Enjoyable/fun experiences: if the learner has a positive experience that is presented to them, in a new or distinctive way they find interesting, they are more likely to remember the information.
-Chaining: information should be presented in an organised manner, presented together in order to make it meaningful.
Strategies for ensuring effective storage of information (CHOOSE to MAKE REMEMBERING EASY PRACTICING LOTS CREATES MEMORIES)
CHOOSE to: CHUNKING
MAKE: MENTAL REHEARSAL/IMAGERY
REMEMBERING: REINFORCEMENT/REWARDS
EASY: ENJOYABLE/FUN EXPERIENCES
PRACTICE/REHEARSAL
LOTS: LINKING (TO PREVIOUS INFORMATION)
CREATES: CHAINING
MEMORIES: MEANINGFUL
What is a schema?
A generalised motor programme that allows the performer to adapt their skills and transfer experiences of one one skill to another. Schmidt suggested that the brain is unable to store and retrieve every individual pass separately in LTM- thus we form schema.
4 parts of a schema
1) Initial conditions (recall schema)
2)Response specifications (recall schema)
3)Sensory consequences (recognition schema)
4)response outcome (recognition schema)
Recall schema
Stores information about and initiates the movement
Recognition schema
Controls and evaluates the movement
What is initial conditions
Stage 1 of the schema, part of recall scheme.
-Involves gathering information about whether you have been in this situation or a similar situation before, information about the environment and your body is collated.
EXAMPLE: centre player in netball at centre pass, been in similar situation before and remember which pass was successful
What is response specifications?
-Stage 2 of the schema, part of recall schema
-Based on the initial conditions, you decide which movement to perform
-EXAMPLE: centre player decides on a short, sharp pass to WA as that was successful last game
What is sensory consequences?
-The 3rd stage of schema, part of recognition schema
-Involves gathering information about the movement using intrinsic feedback or kinaesthesis
-EXAMPLE: feel netball as it leaves hands and kinaesthetic feel knows it was released with enough power
What is response outcome
-4th part of schema, part of recognition schema
-Involves gathering information concerning the result of the movement- was it successful or unsuccessful?
-Example: pass was successful as was not intercepted and team went on to score a goal.
Discrete-serial-complex continuum
-Discrete: This skill has a clear beginning and ending and is one distinct action (somersault)
-Serial: a number of discrete skills are performed together sequentially, creating another skill (run up, hop, step in triple jump)
-Complex: the skill has no clear beginning or ending. The end subroutine of one skill becomes beginning subroutine of the next. The movement is cyclical (running)
Causes of a learning plateau and how to overcome
-Loss of motivation/boredom: set new tasks/challenges, use variable practice, offer tangible rewards
-Mental/physical fatigue: allow the performer to rest, use distributed practice
-Limit of ability reached: allow the performer to compete against others of similar ability
-Poor coaching: try a variety of coaching methods, try an new coach
-Incorrect goals set: set goals using SMARTER principle
What are perceptual mechanisms in Whiting’s model?
-A judgement is made regarding the incoming information received by the sense organs.
-Includes the DCR process (detection-receive cues; comparison- cues compared with those already stored in the memory system; recognition- understand what response is required based on stored memories.)
-Selective attention occurs. Only the relevant information is acted upon, while the irrelevant information is disregarded.
What are effector mechanisms in whiting’s model?
Decision is put into action by sending impulses to the relevant working muscles in order to carry out the movement.
What is the Central executive in WMM?
-Maintains overall control
-Links with the long term memory
-Focuses and switches attention
-Identifies which information goes to which subsystem
Episodic buffer
-Stores 3/4 chunks or ‘episodes’
-Allows different parts of working memory system to talk to each other
-Produces sequences of information to send to the LTM
-Gathers perceptual mechanisms
Define anticipation (2 types)
-Anticipation: predicting that a movement will happen before it occurs
-Temporal: predicting when the action will be performed (gun in sprinting)
-Spatial: predicting what action is going to be performed and where (goalie in football)
Features of recall schema
-Stores information about the movement
-Initiates the movement
Includes: initial conditions and response specifications
Features of recognition schema:
-Controls the movement
-Evaluates the movement
Includes: sensory consequences and response outcomes
What is a discrete skill
Has beginning and end points that are clearly defined
Serial skill
Composed of a number of discrete skills organised in a sequence. Eg. Hop skip, jump in triple jump or floor routine in gymnastics
Continuous skill
No clear beginning or end, as the end of one subroutine is the start of the next for example running leg action
Open skills
Require the performer to contiunullay adapt their responses to the environment which is changing.
-eg, mountain biking, which requires the performer to continually adapt their response to conform to the trail.
-practicing for open skills should focus on varied practice and changing the context and environment eg. Fartlek training on hilly roads
Characteristics of skill (ACE FACE)
A- Aesthetically pleasing
C- Consistent
E- Efficient
F- Fluent
A- Accurate
C- Controlled
E- Economical
