Skill acquisition Flashcards
Which component of Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model coordinates sight, hearing and movement information into sequences to be sent to the long-term memory
Episodic buffer
What is temporal anticipation
Predicting when the action will occur- when a player will shoot in hockey, when the gun will fire in sprinting.
What is spatial anticipation
Predicting what action is going to be performed and where- eg. goalkeeper predicting where the player will shoot in a penalty kick.
Outline three factors that make a demonstration effective (3 marks)
1) The demonstration is accurate
2) Everyone can see the demonstration and it is clear
3) Everyone is paying attention and is motivated
4) Verbal guidance is included and specific cues are highlighted
5) The demonstration is performed by a role model or more specific other
6) The demonstration is within the performers physical capability and stage of learning
7) The demonstration is broken down into subroutines
8) There is limited time between the demonstration and practice
9) The demonstration is repeated
What is a continuous skill
A skill with no clear beggining or end eg. running
High v low organisational skill
High organisation: cannot be split into parts or sub-routines easily such as cycling leg action
Low organisation: easily split into sub-routines and made up of separate discrete elements such as triple jump
How can a coach ensure that important information is stored in the gymnast’s long term memory? (4)
-Rehearse and repeat basic skills, leading to overlearning of motor programmes
-Make information meaningful, and link/associate to past experiences
-Mental rehearsal/imagery
-Chunking: small groups of information should be put together and memorised as one, this expands the capacity of the working memory and allows more information to be stored.
-Enjoyable/fun experiences: if the learner has a positive experience that is presented to them, in a new or distinctive way they find interesting, they are more likely to remember the information.
-Chaining: information should be presented in an organised manner, presented together in order to make it meaningful.
Strategies for ensuring effective storage of information (CHOOSE to MAKE REMEMBERING EASY PRACTICING LOTS CREATES MEMORIES)
CHOOSE to: CHUNKING
MAKE: MENTAL REHEARSAL/IMAGERY
REMEMBERING: REINFORCEMENT/REWARDS
EASY: ENJOYABLE/FUN EXPERIENCES
PRACTICE/REHEARSAL
LOTS: LINKING (TO PREVIOUS INFORMATION)
CREATES: CHAINING
MEMORIES: MEANINGFUL
What is a schema?
A generalised motor programme that allows the performer to adapt their skills and transfer experiences of one one skill to another. Schmidt suggested that the brain is unable to store and retrieve every individual pass separately in LTM- thus we form schema.
4 parts of a schema
1) Initial conditions (recall schema)
2)Response specifications (recall schema)
3)Sensory consequences (recognition schema)
4)response outcome (recognition schema)
Recall schema
Stores information about and initiates the movement
Recognition schema
Controls and evaluates the movement
What is initial conditions
Stage 1 of the schema, part of recall scheme.
-Involves gathering information about whether you have been in this situation or a similar situation before, information about the environment and your body is collated.
EXAMPLE: centre player in netball at centre pass, been in similar situation before and remember which pass was successful
What is response specifications?
-Stage 2 of the schema, part of recall schema
-Based on the initial conditions, you decide which movement to perform
-EXAMPLE: centre player decides on a short, sharp pass to WA as that was successful last game
What is sensory consequences?
-The 3rd stage of schema, part of recognition schema
-Involves gathering information about the movement using intrinsic feedback or kinaesthesis
-EXAMPLE: feel netball as it leaves hands and kinaesthetic feel knows it was released with enough power
