Sport and Society - Industrial and post-industrial (1780-1900)

Question 1

Define rational recreation

Answer 1

In the 19th century, these were sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled.

Question 2

At the start of the 19th century, did the industrial revolution have a negative or positive impact on sport?

Answer 2

Negative

Question 3

Explain how the migration of the lower classes to urban areas may have hindered sport during the industrial revolution

Answer 3

Led to a loss of space to play traditional mob games and overcrowding

Question 4

Explain how a lack of leisure time during the industrial revolution may have hindered sport

Answer 4

The shift from ‘seasonal’ to ‘machine’ time, leading to long 12-hour working days, six days a week. Sundays were seen as a day of rest.

Question 5

Explain how a lack of income during the industrial revolution may have hindered sport

Answer 5

Low wages and poverty with evident, with little spare income for leisure pursuits.

Question 6

Explain how poor health during the industrial revolution may have hindered sport

Answer 6

Along with poor working and living conditions that led to a lack of energy to play sport

Question 7

Explain how a loss of rights during the industrial revolution may have hindered sport

Answer 7

Restrictions were placed on mob sports, leading to risk of criminal charges

Question 8

Explain how a lack of public provision in the industrial revolution may have hindered sport

Answer 8

No access to facilities or equipment for the lower class

Question 9

During the 2nd half of the 19th century, did the industrial revolution positively or negatively impact sport?

Answer 9

Positively

Question 10

Explain how improvements in health and hygeine during the industrial revolution positively impacted sport

Answer 10

More energy to playe

Question 11

Explain how improvements in wages during the industrial revolution positively impacted sport

Answer 11

More money to pay for equipment

Question 12

Explain how the development of the middle class during the industrial revolution positively impacted sport

Answer 12

• Developed NGBs
• Made sport more respectable

Question 13

Explain how public school boys during the industrial revolution positively impacted sport

Answer 13

Via industry, the church, the British Empire and transport

Question 14

Explain how industrial patronage during the industrial revolution positively impacted sport

Answer 14

Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing illness and encouraging loyalty in the workforce

Question 15

Explain how improvements in transport and communication during the industrial revolution positively impacted sport

Answer 15

Via the development of roads and steam trains influenced the distances that spectators and players could travel. Fixtures and results could then be published in newspapers

Question 16

Define urbanisation

Answer 16

Large numbers of people moving from rural areas into towns and cities to seek work in the factories

Question 17

How did a lack of space caused by urbanisation positively impact sport?

Answer 17

In cities, unlike the countryside, space was at a premium. This led to the development of purpose-built facilities. E.g. football pitches

Question 18

How did a large population caused by urbanisation positively impact sport?

Answer 18

Urbanisation meant a large working class population needed entertaining. Resulting in mass spectatorism at football and rugby matches.

Question 19

How did the church help sport during industrial Britain?

Answer 19

• The church used their land as a space for sporting and recreational activities
• They also set up teams, and youth groups, such as the scouts

Question 20

Name 3 professions that positively impacted sport in industrial Britain

Answer 20

Factory owners
Army officers
Clergy members
Diplomats
Teachers

Question 21

Name the key aims of the Wenlock Olympic Games

Answer 21

• Form an Olympian Class
• Promote moral improvements
• Promote physical improvements
• Promote intellectual improvements
• Targeted at people of the town and neighbourhood of Wenlock

Question 22

Define an amateur performer

Answer 22

Amateur: A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain

Question 23

Define a professional performer

Answer 23

Professional: A person who plays sport for financial gain

Question 24

What class of society were industrial amateurs from?

Answer 24

Upper class

Question 25

Why were gentlemen amateurs not paid?

Answer 25

They did not need the money

Question 26

What kind of ethos did gentlement amateurs play with?

Answer 26

Amateur ethos/athleticism/sportsmanship

Question 27

What class were industrial professional sportspeople from?

Answer 27

Working classW

Question 28

Why were the working class professional>

Answer 28

They needed monetary rewards

Question 29

What was the dominant ethos among industrial professionals?

Answer 29

Win at all costs

Question 30

Name 3 factors that led to the development of association football

Answer 30

Urbanisation
Increased leisure time
More disposable income
Improved transport
Increased professionalism
Social Class links
Increased organisation

Question 31

Name 3 factors that led to the emergence of elite female footballers

Answer 31

Equal opportunities
Increased media coverage
More female role models
Mor provision in school
More clubs and funding
More free time

Question 32

Identify 3 characteristics of lawn tennis

Answer 32

Middle class invention
Played by the middle class
Organised by the middle class
Use of specialist equipment
Use of standardised rules
Male and female participation
Public provision