Respiratory System COPY Flashcards
What is diffusion
The movement of gas molecules from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure
What is gaseous exchange
The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air
What pressure is needed for expiration
The pressure has to be higher in the lungs than the atmosphere.
What muscles are used during breathing at rest when inspiring
diaphragm - external intercostal muscles
What muscles are used during breathing at rest when expiring
diaphragm relaxes
external intercostals relax
use abdominals and internal intercostals
What is tidal volume
The volume air breathed in or out per breath
What is inspiratory reserve volume
The volume of air that can forcibly be inspired after a normal breath
What is expiratory reserve volume
Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
What is minute ventilation
The volume of air inspired or expired per minute
How is minute ventilation calculated
Respiratory Frequency (per min) x tidal volume
What is residual volume
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
What happens to tidal volume during exercise
Increases
What happens to inspiratory reserve volume during exercise
Decreases
What happens to expiratory volume reserve during exercise
Slight decrease
What happens to residual volume during exercise
Stays the same
What happens to minute ventilation during exercise
Big increase
What is partial pressure
The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases
What is the difference in partial pressure referred to
Concentration gradient
What three types of control are involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation (breathing) during exercise
neural control- chemical control- hormonal control
What does neural control use to regulate breathing
Involves the brain and the nervous system to regulate breathing
How does chemical control regulate breathing
Control concerned with the blood acidity to regulate breathing
What happens when the blood acidity is high
The brain is informed and it sends impulses through the nervous system to increasing breathing
What two systems controls pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
sympathetic nervous system - parasympathetic nervous system
what does the respiratory centre of the medulla oblongata control
rate and depth of breathing
what chemical change would stimulate the respiratory centre to increase respiratory rate
an increase in concentration of carbon dioxide
The respiratory centre has two main areas. Inspiratory and Expiratory. What are they responsible for
Inspiratory centre, responsible for inspiration and expiration - Expiratory centre, stimulates the Expiratory muscles during exercise
The inspiratory centre sends outs what via the phrenic nerve
Sends out nerve impulses to cause inspiratory muscles to contract
What factors affect neural control of breathing
mechanical factors- baroreceptors- stretch receptor
What is the role of stretch receptors
During exercise lungs are stretched more. These receptors prevent over-inflation of lungs
How do baroreceptors affect neural control of breathing during exercise
Detect changes in blood pressure and results in an increase in breathing rate
How does mechanical factors (proprioception) affect neural control of breathing during exercise
They detect muscle movement which provide feedback to the respiratory centre to increase breathing during exercise
What is cilia
Microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles
What is COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease A chronic disorder and debilitating disease.
What is the diffusion pathway for oxygen
alveoli - blood - muscles
What is the diffusion pathway of carbon dioxide
muscles - blood - alveoli
What are the 3 steps of gaseous exchange of o2 at the alveoli
High PO2 in the alveoli & low PO2 in the capillary
Oxygen diffuses from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the capillary
What are the 3 steps of gaseous exchange of CO2 at the alveoli
High PCO2 in the capillary and a low PCO2 in the alveoli
Carbon dioxide diffuse from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into the alveoli
What are the 3 steps of gaseous exchange of CO2 at the muscles
High PCO2 in the muscle and a low PCO2 in the capillary
CO2 diffuse from a high concentration to a low concentration
CO2 diffuses from the muscle to the capillary
What are the 3 steps of gaseous exchange of O2 at the muscles
High PO2 in the capillary and a low PO2 in the muscle
The oxygen diffuses from a high concentration to a low concentration
Oxygen diffuses from the capillary to the muscle
State 3 structures in the lungs involved in assisting diffusion
Capillarisation
One cell thick
Layer of moisture around the lungs
State 3 structures in the capillaries involved in assisting diffusion
one cell thick
large surface area
narrow diameter
what is the order of events for increasing breathing rate (inspiration)
receptors - RCC - phrenic nerve - diaphragm and external intercostals contract FASTER
what is the order of events for increasing breathing rate (expiration)
Receptors → respiratory centre in the medulla → intercostal nerve → abdominals and internal intercostals contract FASTER
Identify 4 effects of smoking on the respiratory system
Damages alveoli
Damages cilia
Carbon Monoxide binds with haemoglobin
Narrowing airways
What is the impact of narrowing airways on sporting performance
Increased breathlessness
What is the impact of damaged cilia on sporting performance
Smokers cough
What is the impact of damaged alveoli on sporting performance
Reduced efficiency of gaseous exchange
What is the impact of carbon monoxide binding with haemoglobin on sporting performance
reduces oxygen transportation
what is the overall effect of smoking on endurance performance
reduces o2 transportation so have to work anaerobically = lactic acid = fatigue
