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Year 13 C Block > Respiratory System COPY > Flashcards

Respiratory System COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What is diffusion

A

The movement of gas molecules from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure

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2
Q

What is gaseous exchange

A

The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

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3
Q

What pressure is needed for expiration

A

The pressure has to be higher in the lungs than the atmosphere.

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4
Q

What muscles are used during breathing at rest when inspiring

A

diaphragm - external intercostal muscles

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5
Q

What muscles are used during breathing at rest when expiring

A

diaphragm relaxes
external intercostals relax
use abdominals and internal intercostals

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6
Q

What is tidal volume

A

The volume air breathed in or out per breath

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7
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air that can forcibly be inspired after a normal breath

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8
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

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9
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

The volume of air inspired or expired per minute

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10
Q

How is minute ventilation calculated

A

Respiratory Frequency (per min) x tidal volume

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11
Q

What is residual volume

A

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

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12
Q

What happens to tidal volume during exercise

A

Increases

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13
Q

What happens to inspiratory reserve volume during exercise

A

Decreases

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14
Q

What happens to expiratory volume reserve during exercise

A

Slight decrease

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15
Q

What happens to residual volume during exercise

A

Stays the same

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16
Q

What happens to minute ventilation during exercise

A

Big increase

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17
Q

What is partial pressure

A

The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases

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18
Q

What is the difference in partial pressure referred to

A

Concentration gradient

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19
Q

What three types of control are involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation (breathing) during exercise

A

neural control- chemical control- hormonal control

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20
Q

What does neural control use to regulate breathing

A

Involves the brain and the nervous system to regulate breathing

21
Q

How does chemical control regulate breathing

A

Control concerned with the blood acidity to regulate breathing

22
Q

What happens when the blood acidity is high

A

The brain is informed and it sends impulses through the nervous system to increasing breathing

23
Q

What two systems controls pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

A

sympathetic nervous system - parasympathetic nervous system

24
Q

what does the respiratory centre of the medulla oblongata control

A

rate and depth of breathing

25
Q

what chemical change would stimulate the respiratory centre to increase respiratory rate

A

an increase in concentration of carbon dioxide

26
Q

The respiratory centre has two main areas. Inspiratory and Expiratory. What are they responsible for

A

Inspiratory centre, responsible for inspiration and expiration - Expiratory centre, stimulates the Expiratory muscles during exercise

27
Q

The inspiratory centre sends outs what via the phrenic nerve

A

Sends out nerve impulses to cause inspiratory muscles to contract

28
Q

What factors affect neural control of breathing

A

mechanical factors- baroreceptors- stretch receptor

29
Q

What is the role of stretch receptors

A

During exercise lungs are stretched more. These receptors prevent over-inflation of lungs

30
Q

How do baroreceptors affect neural control of breathing during exercise

A

Detect changes in blood pressure and results in an increase in breathing rate

31
Q

How does mechanical factors (proprioception) affect neural control of breathing during exercise

A

They detect muscle movement which provide feedback to the respiratory centre to increase breathing during exercise

32
Q

What is cilia

A

Microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles

33
Q

What is COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease A chronic disorder and debilitating disease.

34
Q

What is the diffusion pathway for oxygen

A

alveoli - blood - muscles

35
Q

What is the diffusion pathway of carbon dioxide

A

muscles - blood - alveoli

36
Q

What are the 3 steps of gaseous exchange of o2 at the alveoli

A

High PO2 in the alveoli & low PO2 in the capillary

Oxygen diffuses from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the capillary

37
Q

What are the 3 steps of gaseous exchange of CO2 at the alveoli

A

High PCO2 in the capillary and a low PCO2 in the alveoli

Carbon dioxide diffuse from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into the alveoli

38
Q

What are the 3 steps of gaseous exchange of CO2 at the muscles

A

High PCO2 in the muscle and a low PCO2 in the capillary

CO2 diffuse from a high concentration to a low concentration

CO2 diffuses from the muscle to the capillary

39
Q

What are the 3 steps of gaseous exchange of O2 at the muscles

A

High PO2 in the capillary and a low PO2 in the muscle

The oxygen diffuses from a high concentration to a low concentration

Oxygen diffuses from the capillary to the muscle

40
Q

State 3 structures in the lungs involved in assisting diffusion

A

Capillarisation
One cell thick
Layer of moisture around the lungs

41
Q

State 3 structures in the capillaries involved in assisting diffusion

A

one cell thick
large surface area
narrow diameter

42
Q

what is the order of events for increasing breathing rate (inspiration)

A

receptors - RCC - phrenic nerve - diaphragm and external intercostals contract FASTER

43
Q

what is the order of events for increasing breathing rate (expiration)

A

Receptors → respiratory centre in the medulla → intercostal nerve → abdominals and internal intercostals contract FASTER

44
Q

Identify 4 effects of smoking on the respiratory system

A

Damages alveoli
Damages cilia
Carbon Monoxide binds with haemoglobin
Narrowing airways

45
Q

What is the impact of narrowing airways on sporting performance

A

Increased breathlessness

46
Q

What is the impact of damaged cilia on sporting performance

A

Smokers cough

47
Q

What is the impact of damaged alveoli on sporting performance

A

Reduced efficiency of gaseous exchange

48
Q

What is the impact of carbon monoxide binding with haemoglobin on sporting performance

A

reduces oxygen transportation

49
Q

what is the overall effect of smoking on endurance performance

A

reduces o2 transportation so have to work anaerobically = lactic acid = fatigue

Year 13 C Block (41 decks)

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