Sport and Society (2) Flashcards
What is physical recreation ?
The active aspect of leisure, that is voluntary and in a persons free time, and they have a choice over what they do
What are the characteristics of physical recreation ?
Available to all
Modified rules
Limited competition
Self officiated
Limited skill and fitness
What are the induvial benefits of physical recreation ?
Improved health and wellbeing
Learn new skills
Stress relief and relaxation
Meet new people and be social
Enjoyment, self fulfilment, non-serious
What are the societal benefits of physical recreation ?
Reduces strain on the NHS
Increased employment
Occupies individuals
What is physical education ?
Curriculum timetabled time, which is delivered to all, and consists of a broad range of activities and extends understandings beyond physical activity
What are the characteristics of physical education ?
School environment
Adapted rules
Limited competition
Teacher led
Range of skill/ ability
What are the benefits of physical education ?
Health and fitness
Teamwork
Problem solving
Sportsmanship
Respect for others
What is sport ?
Institutionalised competitive activities that involve exertion and are complex physical skills, and players are motivated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors
What are the characteristics of sport ?
High level of organisation/ structure
Specialised kit and equipment
Strategies and tactics
Officials and formal rules
NGB’s
High level of competition
Commitment
Training and coaching
Sportsmanship
Media coverage
What are the benefits of sport ?
Health and fitness
Team work
Decision making
Problem solving
Rewards, fame, career
What is school sport ?
Structed learning that is beyond the curriculum, that takes place in school settings but is out of school hours and it forms a vital link with community sport
What are the characteristics of school sport ?
School environment
Adapted rules
Teacher led
Range of skill/ ability
What are the benefits of school sport ?
Health and fitness
Team work
Decision making
Problem solving
Responsibility
What is an amateur ?
Participation for the love of the sport and not monetary gains
What is sportsmanship ?
Fair and generous behaviour or treatment of others
What is gamesmanship ?
The art of winning games by using various ploys and tactics to gain a psychological advantage
What is the win ethic ?
A ‘win at all costs’ attitude, which may lead to deviant behaviour
What is deviancy ?
Behaviour that falls outside the norms or outside what is deemed to be acceptable
What is positive deviance ?
Behaviour outside the norms, but has no intention to harm or break the rules
What is negative deviance ?
Behaviour outside the norms, and has a detrimental effect on individuals and on society in general
How can we encourage sportsmanship ?
Fair play schemes and campaigns
Positive role models
Better quality of officials and use of technology
Development of positive values early on in childhood
Encourage codes of conduct for player, spectators and clubs
How can we discourage deviance ?
Being booked/ fined
Points deducted/ clubs being fined
Games behind closed doors
Better qualified officials/ full-time officials
Increased use of technology (VAR)
Fair play awards
What causes violent behaviour in players ?
Pressure from media
High expectation of supporters/ supporters behaviour
Financial rewards
Fear of losing contract
Retaliation due to foul play
Officials decision
Poor performance
Frustration
Learned behaviour
What are the implications of violent behaviour in players ?
Penalties/ bookings/ sending off
Players cited after games for fines/ bans
Club fined/ points deducted
Games played behind closed doors
Poor role models/ children copy idols
Poor reputation of the sport
Spectator violence
What are the strategies for violent behaviour in players ?
Training officials to deal with violence
Match officials and their decisions are supported
Punishing players post match
Use of post match video evidence
Good disciplinary record as role models
Fair play awards
What are the causes of hooliganism ?
Provides entertainment
Alcohol consumption
To create social drama
Triggered by on field events
Provoked by the media
What are the implications of hooliganism ?
Pitch invasions
Obscene chanting - arrests
Foul language - banned from games
Racism - arrested and banned
Hooligan behaviours - prison sentences
What are the strategies for controlling hooliganism ?
Police presence / stewards
Intelligence network - CCTV
Laws - no pitch invasions
Hooligans to be banned
Community and female involvement
Restrictions on alcohol
Acts deemed ‘offences’ - throwing missiles/ racism
High ticket prices
More season ticket holders
Why do elite performers use illegal drugs ?
Pressure
Money and fame
Shortcut to success
Other athletes are taking drugs - level the playing field
‘Win at all costs’
A lack of serious consequences
I won’t get caught
To maintain a high standard
Poor role models
Improved performance
Increase confidence
What are anabolic steroids, and who might take them ?
Illegal steroids that increase muscle mass and strength
Power athletes - sprinters and power lifters or to put on weight to get into certain weight classes
Why are anabolic steroids used in sport ?
Improved performance
Enhanced muscle
Improved training length
Improved recovery time
Increased aggression
What are the side effects of anabolic steroids ?
Acne
Infertility
Hypertension
Heart attack/ stroke
Depression
Addiction
Paranoia
What is erythropoietin (EPO), and who might use it ?
EPO stimulates the production of red blood cells in bone marrow, increasing red blood cell content and aerobic capacity
Endurance athletes
Why is erythropoietin (EPO) used in sport ?
Increases aerobic capacity
Increases performers chance of winning leading to financial gain
Reduces fatigue - train for longer at higher intensity
What are the side effects of erythropoietin (EPO) ?
Blood can thicken - increased risk of blood clots, heart attacks and strokes
Increased blood pressure
Liver and pancreas damage
Skin reactions
What are beta blockers, and who might take them ?
Beta blockers prevent adrenaline
Steady hand sports - snooker, golf, darts, shooting, archery
What are the side effects of beta blockers ?
Severe blood sugar changes
Heart failure
Nausea
Dry mouth
Shortness of breath
Unusual weight gain
Irregular heart rate
What are the rewards of drug taking for the performer ?
Improve performance - win
Increased fame
Financial rewards for wining
Increased confidence in own ability
Can improve health if the drug is actually needed
Givers performer freedom of choice
Belonging to part of a group
What are the repercussion of drug taking for the performer ?
Potential ban
Not fair/ immoral
Negative role model
Encourages others to take drugs
May demotivate grass roots participation
Loss of earnings
May feel that they cannot perform without them
What are the repercussion of drug taking for the sport ?
Damages the reputation of sport
Drug association reduces revenue (sponsors and spectators)
If we accept drugs in sport it says to society drugs are okay
What are the arguments for drug taking in sport ?
Audience gets to see the best performance possible
Drug taking is a personal choice
We celebrate the win at all costs attitude - drug taking is part of that
Some role models are still popular despite taking drugs
Allows us to increase knowledge on the human body
Can level the playing field with those already taking them
What are the arguments for drug testing in sport ?
Creates a fairer competition/ level playing field
Acts as a deterrent to the people thinking of taking drugs
Catch those who are cheating
Shows society drug taking is not acceptable
It is a responsibility to find and punish those who were cheating
What are the arguments against drug taking in sport ?
The best/ hardest working athletes don’t win
The ones with the most money/ technology will win
Ethics lost - about winning not taking part
No sense of achievement
Promotes unhealthy and dangerous behaviour
Completely destroys the health and fitness aspects of sport
What are the arguments against drug testing in sport ?
Legalised drugs would save the money spent on testing - this could be reinvested in grass roots
The drug takers are always one step ahead of the drug testers - so what is the point
What are the strategies to eliminate performers from taking drugs in sport ?
Drug testing - more frequent random tests and before competitions
Investment in detection and research
Education on harms and side effects
Punishments - long term bans, stripping of medals/ achievements, and prison/ rehab
Drug scandals in media - deterrence
Positive role models
Coordination between nations drug testing regulations
What is the Bosman ruling ?
Players can move to a new club at the end of their contract without their old club receiving a fee
What does SOCCER stand for ?
Spectators attacking players
Opponents being too violent
Contractual issues with sponsors
Contractual issues with employer
Equality of opportunity issues
Refereeing negligence
What is the officials duty of care ?
A moral or legal obligation to ensure the safety or wellbeing of others
What is officials negligence ?
Failure to take reasonable care over someone which results in a foreseeable injury/ harm
This breaches the duty of care
What are some examples of officials negligence ?
Failure to stop the game due to an injury to a player
An injury caused by ….
What are some examples of a coaches duty of care ?
Keeping up to date details (contact, medical, registers)
Appropriate supervision ratios
First aid provision is available
DBS clearance
Risk assessments
How does the law protect spectators ?
Safety of Sports Grounds Act
Fire Safety and Safety of Places of Sport Act
The Football (Offences) Act
