Sport and Society (1) Flashcards
What is popular recreation ?
The sports and pastimes associated with the lower classes in pre-industrial Britain
Why was popular recreation local ?
Communication and transport were limited
Why did popular recreation have basic rules ?
Widespread illiteracy
Why did popular recreation only happen occasionally ?
Very little free time due to long working hours
Why was popular recreation rural and functional ?
People lived in the countryside/ rural areas
Why was popular recreation aggressive and male dominated ?
Cruel/ Violent way of life for the working class
Why was wagering evident in popular recreation ?
Class division clearly existed
Who played mob football?
The lower class
Where was mob football played?
In the fields - using the natural rural local landscape
Was mob football played often ?
Played occasionally due to long working hours
What were the rules and regulations of mob football ?
Limited - no murder - was eventually banned by local authorities
Who played real tennis ?
Upper class males
Where was real tennis played ?
In non local purpose built facilities with specialised equipment
Was real tennis played often ?
Played on a regular basis
What were the rules and regulations of real tennis ?
Complex written rules, to show their ‘superiority’ over the lower class
What are the negatives effects in the first half of the 19th Century ?
Rural to Urban migration, lack of leisure time, lack of income, poor health, loss of rights, a lack of public provisions
What are the positive effects in the second half of the 19th Century ?
Health and hygiene improved, increase in wages + amount of free time, emergence of the middle class, influence of ex-public school boys, values of athleticism, industrial patronage, better transport + communications, became cheaper to travel
How did the movement of teams impact association football ?
Led to national fixtures on a regular basis, and a higher standard of opposition
How did improved access to parts of the country impact association football ?
Leagues were formed, involving clubs across the country
How did cheaper train travel impact association football ?
Allowed performers access to new activities, increased number of performers and overall standard
How did improved access to the countryside impact association football ?
Activities in rural areas were reachable and affordable
How did print media impact rational recreation ?
Increased knowledge and awareness of sport
How did increased knowledge of results impact rational recreation ?
Allowed more people to follow the sport, increasing spectators
How did increased communications impact rational recreation ?
Led to the codification of sport, so fixtures could be played across the country
Why did the Church promote sport ?
A form of social control, promoted Christian values, and increased church attendance
How did the Church help provide more opportunities for sporting involvement ?
Church organised teams, provided facilities (fields + church halls), lots of church groups formed
What are the characteristics of public schools ?
Non local, controlled by trusties, drinking + gambling, boarding, fee-paying, spartan, boys and gentlemen
What impact did the role of the Christian gentlemen have on sport ?
Educational reform, godliness and manliness, regular competition. written codes, specialist facilities
What impact did athleticism and the Corinthian spirit have in public schools?
Physical endeavour, moral integrity, gentry, the church, compulsory activities, public school championship
How did the old boys spread a new codified sport of association football ?
Returned from university as teachers, vicars, soldiers, factory owners, set up NGB’s, influence on middle class sports clubs
How and when did National Governing Bodies develop ?
Mid to late 19th century, defining stage in the development of sport as we know it today
What factors affected the formation of National Governing Bodies ?
Codification of the sport is enforced to prevent professionalism, maintain control of sport, organise leagues + fixtures + cup competitions
What is an amateur ?
A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain
What are the values of amateurism in the late 19th century ?
Manliness, high moral integrity, appreciating the value of health + fitness + rule regulated activity
What are the features of a ‘gentleman amateur ?
Played to a high moral code, belonged to the social elite, saw sport as a character building exercise, used their natural talents, respected members of society with public school background
What are the positive impacts of the 19th century ‘gentleman amateur’ ?
Amateurs held a high status than professional, adhered to a code of ethics, participation in sport was seen as more important than winning, the new middle class admired the cultural values of the upper class gentlemen amateur
What are the key features of modern-day amateurs ?
Have a lower status than professionalism, some receive finance to pay for training expenses, performance at top level is mostly open to all, blurring of amateur and professional distinctions
What are the positives of modern-day amateurs ?
Codes of amateurism still seen in sport, fair play is still viewed positively + promoted in a number of ways - fair play awards, Sports like rugby still have codes of conduct based on such principles - calling the referee ‘sir’
What caused the rise in professionalism ?
Training became specialised, results + winning became more important, foul play + gamesmanship + challenging referee became common
What are some positive impacts of professionalism ?
A chance to earn money whilst not at work, broken time payments, avenue of social mobility, led to media + commercialisation
What are the features of modern day professionalism ?
All classes can compete, celebrity status, lots of money invested in sport, more spectators at matches, high rewards through media + sponsorship
How did association football spread throughout England ?
Old boys, Industrialists, Churches
How did association football spread across the world ?
British Empire - through officers, soldiers, sailors, traders, workers
What are the key features of Lawn Tennis (1800 - 1950) ?
Organised by the middle class
Middle class invention
Played by the middle class
Use of specialist equipment
Use of standardised rules
Played by males and females
Public provision (spread to working class via public parks)
How did Lawn Tennis spread throughout England ?
Improving society, Women’s participation, Role Models, Popularity
How did Lawn Tennis spread throughout the rest of the word ?
Travellers, Olympics, International Tournaments
How did athletics spread throughout England ?
British festivals, Education, National competition
How did athletics spread throughout the rest of the world ?
British Empire, Olympic games, International competition
What is the golden triangle ?
The relationship and dependency of sport, sponsorship and the media have on each other to make sport profitable
What is commercialisation ?
Refers to the influence of business on sport to make a profit
How has commercialisation impacted on the sports performer ?
Refers to the influence of business on sport to make a profit
What are the positive effects of media ?
Allows international following
Can encourage grass roots participation
can be used to expose social issues
Can encourage more telegenic sports
Increase standard of performance
What are the negative effects of media ?
Kick off times changed to suit media
Can impact game recites
Media intrusion of performers
Can increase inequality in sport
Provides a platform to scrutinise and undermine umpires decisions
What is sponsorship ?
Is a form of financial support, to the performer or sports team where both can benefit - provides funds and/or support for commercial return
Why do companies sponsor athletes ?
Raised awareness of brands
Creates a positive image
Opportunities for corporate hospitality
Tax relief
Allows companies to entertain clients
Why is there a growth of sponsorship ?
Increased media interest
Steers away from traditional advertising
Reach target audience through lifestyle / interests
Involves large amounts of investment, research and planning
What are the advantages of sponsorship for the sponsor ?
Powerful advertising
Can help increase exposure
Success is linked with sponsors name
Pay less tax by giving money to sport
Image of health + lifestyle is good for product
What are the disadvantages of sponsorship for the sponsor ?
Expensive
May not be valuable if media coverage is reduced
Company/ product may not be appropriate
Investment may not be made up in sales (profit not guaranteed)
What are the advantages of sponsorship for the performer ?
Supports young + new rising stars
Increase the income of top performers
Can led to staging of special events
Money can be used to improve facilities, coaching and participating
What are the disadvantages of sponsorship for the performer ?
Sponsors want more control over sport
NGB’s may be reliant in sponsorship
May increase deviant behaviour
Less well known = less sponsorship
What is the definition of society ?
A large group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest
What is the definition of socialisation ?
Is a lifelong process whereby members of society learns its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place is society
What is a primary influence ?
Immediate family
What is a secondary influence ?
Peer groups
Mass media
Education
Religion
What is a social process ?
Individuals and groups adjust, interact and readjust and establish relationships and patterns of behaviour, are modified through social interaction
What is social interactions ?
When individuals and groups influence the behaviour of each other
What is social change ?
Is alterations to social behaviour over time
What is social change ?
The way in which peoples thoughts, feelings, appearances and behaviour are regulated in social systems
What is social issue ?
Problems that affect many people within a society
What is strata ?
Tradition
Family
Education
Wealth
Esteem
Resources
What is social stratification ?
A type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels based on social characteristics
What is Social Action Theory ?
Development through the social relationships of people within society who share similar views
What impact has Social Action Theory had on sport ?
Sport has developed alongside society and changed as society changes peoples ideas, morals and norms
What is progression ?
The process of gradually developing towards a more advanced state
What is a stereotype ?
A shared image/ belief by society that generalises the members of a society
What is prejudice ?
An unfavourable opinion of an individual or group based in inadequate facts
What is discrimination ?
The unfair treatment of a person or minority group, distinguishing and acting on prejudice
What is equal opportunities ?
Treating people fairly; giving people the same chance
What is a solution to a lack of specialist facilities for the disabled ?
Facilities designed by specialist professionals to meet the needs of the disabled athletes
What is a solution to the high costs of specialist equipment for the disabled ?
Increased investments in disable sport - subsidised costs
What is a solution to the lack of media coverage for the disabled ?
Increased sponsorship will bring increased media coverage, promoting models in the process
What is a solution to a lack of specialist coaches for the disabled ?
Training of more specialist coaches
What is a solution to a lack of specialised sports clubs for the disabled ?
Forming more disability clubs to increase disability sport participation
What is a solution to a lack of sporting events for the disabled ?
Design activities for each specific disability
What is a solution to the stereotyping of disabled athletes capabilities ?
Educating people about the stereotypes - challenge inappropriate attitudes
What are ethnic groups ?
People who have racial, religious or linguistic traits in common
What is race ?
The physical characteristics of an individuals
What is racism ?
The suggestion that one particular ethnic group is superior to another on the basis of skin colour or religion
What is stacking ?
The disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions in a sport/ team
What is a solution to fewer role models for Ethnic groups ?
Some companies are suing athletes from ethnic origins to promote products and sport
What is a solution to conflict with religious/ cultural observances for Ethnic groups ?
Ensuring there is single-sex provisions in place if required
What is a solution to class discrimination = a lack of opportunity for Ethnic groups ?
Organising campaigns against racism in sport
What is a solution to fear of rejection/ low levels of self-esteem for Ethnic groups ?
Increased media coverage of ethnic minority sports
What is a solution to fear of racism/ racist abuse, prejudice or discrimination for Ethnic groups ?
Publicising the punishment of severely racist abuse
What is a solution to stereotyping/ attempts at channelling ethnic minorities into certain sports and away from others for Ethnic groups ?
Training more ethnic minority coaches, teachers and sports leaders - educating them on the effects of stereotyping
What is a solution to language barriers for Ethnic groups ?
Ensuring provision in PE programmes is appropriate for all ethnic preferences
What is a solution to a lack of disposable income for the disadvantaged ?
Offering free or subsidised physical activity opportunities through clubs
Reduced entry fees to matches
What is a solution to a lack of affordable facilities for the disadvantaged ?
Facilities could offer discounted rates during certain times of the day
What is a solution to a lack or parental support for the disadvantaged ?
Schools can offer support workers and notify councils if a care worker is needed
What is a solution to a variety of educational settings for the disadvantaged ?
Making suitable facilities/ access to a range of sports available to all in education
What is a solution to inaccessible locations for the disadvantaged ?
Transport can be offered for those who can’t travel
What is a solution to a lack of role models for the disadvantaged ?
Publicising sports performers/ leaders who are from disadvantaged backgrounds
What is a solution to discrimination and stereotyping for the disadvantaged ?
Through educating in schools (primary + secondary) the different social classes can be learnt
What is a solution to channelling for the disadvantaged ?
Providing opportunities to try out new sports through taster session/ fun days at local clubs/ schools
What is a solution to a lack of media coverage - less women’s sport compared to male sport ?
Increase the amount of women’s sport coverage - giving women’s sport the recognition it deserves
What is a solution to stereotypes/ myths - perceived lack of aggression in women ?
Providing education to refute/ reject stereotypical myths
What is a solution to a lack of income/ leisure time ?
Encouraging shared domestic/ childcare responsibilities creating more leisure time ; improving childcare provision
Invention of labour saving devices
What is a solution to negative impacts of school PE provisions ?
Improving school PE provisions via Women in Sport ‘Changing the Game for Girls’
What is a solution to channelling into female appropriate sports ?
Providing more opportunities for women to join sports clubs/ participate in activities they enjoy
What is a solution to fewer attainable role models for women to aspire to - positions of power ?
Introduction/ enforcing laws which make discrimination unlawful - Sex Discrimination Act 1975
How has Sport England tried/ helped increase female participation ?
2015 - £2.3 million into ‘I will if you will’ - behavioural change pilot
2021 - ‘Uniting the Movement’ - making movement part of everyday life
How has Women in Sport tried/ helped increase female participation ?
Providing a research and advice service
Develop and then run programmes with other organisations
How has This Girl Can tried/ helped increase female participation ?
Want to remove fear or judgement during participation
Increase participation - being active once a week every week increased by 250,000
