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AQA A Level PE > Skill Acquisition > Flashcards

Skill Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What are skills ?

A

Skills are learned, and not inherited genetically

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of skilled movement ?

A

Aesthetically pleasing

Consistently correct

Efficient

Fluent

Accurate

Controlled

Economic

+ Goal directed

+ Pre-determined

+ Adaptable

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3
Q

What is the Open - Closed continuum about ?

A

How environmental conditions affect the skill

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4
Q

What is an Open skill ?

A

The environment changes frequently and lots of decisions need to be made

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5
Q

What is a Closed skill ?

A

The environment is predictable and few decisions need to be made

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6
Q

What is the Gross - Fine continuum about ?

A

How precise a movement is and the amount of muscular movement needed

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7
Q

What is a Gross skill ?

A

Using lots of different muscle groups or large muscle groups

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8
Q

What is a Fine skill ?

A

Using very small muscles or few muscles

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9
Q

What is the Discrete - Serial - Continuous continuum about ?

A

The relationship between the subroutines and is the identification if the beginning and end of the movement

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10
Q

What is a Discrete skill ?

A

Clear start and end to the movement

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11
Q

What is a Serial skill ?

A

A series of linked discrete skills

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12
Q

What is a Continuous skill ?

A

No clear start and end - series of repeated subroutines

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13
Q

What is the Self paced - Externally paced continuum about ?

A

The level of control the performer has over the timing and speed of the skill

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14
Q

What is a Self paced skill ?

A

Performer has control over the start and speed of the performance

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15
Q

What is an Externally paced skill ?

A

Performer has no control over the start and speed of the performance

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16
Q

What is the High - Low continuum about ?

A

How easily a skill can be broken down into subroutines

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17
Q

What is a Low organised skill ?

A

Easy to break down into sub-routines

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18
Q

What is a High organised skill ?

A

Hard to break down into sub-routines

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19
Q

What is the Simple - Complex continuum about ?

A

The amount of information you need to complete the skill

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20
Q

What is a Simple skill ?

A

A skill that requires few decisions and little information to process

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21
Q

What is a Complex skill ?

A

A skill that requires many decisions and lots of information to process

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22
Q

What is Positive transfer ?

A

Previously learned skills help the development of new skills

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23
Q

What is Negative transfer ?

A

Previously learned skills hinder the development of new skills

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24
Q

What is Bilateral transfer ?

A

Transfer of learning from one limb to another - kinaesthetic awareness can improve this

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25
Q

What is Zero transfer ?

A

Previously learned skills have no impact on the learning of new skills

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26
Q

What is whole practice ?

A

The complete skill is practiced in its entirety, without attempt to break it down into subroutines

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27
Q

When may a coach use whole practice ?

A

Simple, closed, discrete, high skills

When skills are safe

When the performer is motivated, fit enough and an expert

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28
Q

What are the advantages of whole practice ?

A

Get the feel of the whole movement

More realistic

Makes skills more consistently correct

Maintains links between the subroutines

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29
Q

What are the disadvantages of whole practice ?

A

Fatigue

Safety

Beginners may struggle

Too much info to process

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30
Q

What is whole part - whole practice ?

A

Performer tries the whole skill, it is then broken down into parts, each part is practiced in isolation, the parts are reintegrated and the skill is practiced as a whole again

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31
Q

When may a coach use whole part - whole practice ?

A

Serial, complex, low skills

Dangerous skills

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32
Q

What are the advantages of whole - part - whole practice ?

A

More fluent skill

Danger reduced

Fatigue less likely

Immediate feedback

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33
Q

What are the disadvantages of whole - part - whole practice ?

A

Time consuming

Loss of kinaesthetic feel

Can’t be done with all skill types

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34
Q

What is progressive part practice ?

A

Breaking down the skill into a series of parts and then ‘chaining’ them together one at a time

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35
Q

When may a coach use progressive part practice ?

A

Dangerous skill

Serial, low and complex skills

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36
Q

What are the advantages of progressive part practice ?

A

Rest between stages

Reduces danger

Success at each stage

Confidence as each part is perfected

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37
Q

What are the disadvantages of progressive part practice ?

A

Time consuming

Could disrupt flow of movement

Not a feel for whole movement

If first part was incorrect the rest of the skill is incorrect

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38
Q

What is massed practice ?

A

Learner practices a skill continuously without rest intervals

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39
Q

What are the advantages of massed practice ?

A

Improve fitness level and save time

Good for experienced performers

Stimulates performance conditions where fatigue is an element

Good for establishing habitual skill

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40
Q

What are the disadvantages of massed practice ?

A

No time for feedback

Not suitable for dangerous tasks

Can cause fatigue and demotivation

Beginners affected by lack of concentration and attention

Boredom

Negative transfer

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41
Q

What is distributed practice ?

A

Practice sessions that include rest intervals

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42
Q

What are the advantages of distributed practice ?

A

Help maintain motivation

Allows for mental rehearsal

Rest allows for recovery and feedback

Less dangerous

Research has shown this to be the most effective form of practice

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43
Q

What are the disadvantages of distributed practice ?

A

More time consuming

Skills may have to be reintroduced after each break

May lead to frustration/ de-motivation when rest intervals delay practice

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44
Q

What is variable practice ?

A

A skill practiced in a constantly changing environment

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45
Q

What are the advantages of variable practice ?

A

Develops schema, decision making and perceptual skills

Develops subroutines

Adapt techniques to the changing environment

Can improve the speed of learning

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46
Q

What are the disadvantages of variable practice ?

A

Time consuming

Negative transfer if skills are not correctly performed

Need to already have a well learned motor programme in a fixed environment

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47
Q

What is mental rehearsal ?

A

Performer goes over the movement in their mind/ cognitively without any movement occurring

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48
Q

What are the advantages of mental rehearsal ?

A

Can focus attention

Adaptations are stored in memory

Rehearse complex skills / strategies

Used in cognitive stage

Experts use it for emotional control and reaching optimum arousal levels

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49
Q

What are the disadvantages of mental rehearsal ?

A

Not effective with simple skills

Used by itself, its not effective as physical practice

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50
Q

What is learning ?

A

A permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of practice

Linked to practice or experience

Relatively permanent

Not a ‘fluke’ or one-off occurrence

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51
Q

What is performance ?

A

A more temporary occurrence, influenced by other factors such as anxiety and nerves that may be felt by a player just before a major game

Not necessarily repeated

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52
Q

What are the features of the cognitive stage ?

A

Lots of errors made

Create a mental picture of the skill

Performer observes a demonstration or is given verbal instructions

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53
Q

What are the features of feedback in the cognitive stage ?

A

Extrinsic feedback from the coach

Positive

Knowledge of results and performance (technique and outcome of skill)

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54
Q

What are the features of the associative stage ?

A

Longer than the cognitive stage

Develop movement patterns through practice and feedback

Movements start to become smoother

Length of time in this phase is affected by ability, complexity of skill, practice amount and quality of feedback

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55
Q

What are the features of feedback in the associative stage ?

A

Extrinsic moving towards intrinsic

Positive and negative

Knowledge of results and performance

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56
Q

What are the features of the autonomous stage ?

A

Performer is so efficient they can focus on other factors such as tactics

Skill is completed almost without conscious thought

Correct mistakes through kinaesthesis

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57
Q

What are the features of feedback in the autonomous stage ?

A

Intrinsic feedback

Detailed feedback

Positive and negative

Knowledge of results and performance (quality of technique and outcome of skill)

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58
Q

What is positive feedback ?

A

Tell the performer what went well

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59
Q

What is negative feedback ?

A

Tell the performer what went wrong/ didn’t work well

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60
Q

What is knowledge of results ?

A

Feedback the performer gets about the outcome of the action

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61
Q

What is knowledge of performance ?

A

Feedback the performer gets about the quality of performance or technique

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62
Q

What is extrinsic feedback ?

A

Feedback from outside of the performer

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63
Q

What is intrinsic feedback ?

A

Feedback from within the performer (kinaesthesis)

64
Q

What is a learning plateau ?

A

When performance reaches a point at which no further improvement occurs

65
Q

Why do learning plateaus occur ?

A

Fatigue

Lack of fitness

Injury/ overtraining

Boredom

Limits in performers abilities

Poor coaching

66
Q

How can a coach stop learning plateaus from occurring ?

A

Use mental rehearsal

Reset goals

Give rest/ recovery periods

Bring in competition

Explain plateaus

Offer rewards/ praise

Give performer new responsibility/role

Varey practice

67
Q

What is operant conditioning also known as ?

A

‘Trial and Error’ learning

68
Q

In operant conditioning what happens when the desired response is performed ?

A

Reinforcement - the SR bond is strengthened and the correct response is stored in the long term memory

69
Q

In operant conditioning what happens when the undesirable response is performed ?

A

Punishment - the SR bond is weakened

70
Q

In operant conditioning what happens in the future because of these responses ?

A

There is an increased chance of correct response when external cue is applied

71
Q

What is positive reinforcement ?

A

Create feelings of satisfaction to encourage the repetition of an action

72
Q

What is negative reinforcement ?

A

The withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus when the desired response occurs

73
Q

What is punishment ?

A

Used to reduce the chance of actions being repeated

74
Q

In observational learning what is vicarious experience ?

A

We learn by watching other people and copying their actions

75
Q

In observational learning what is created by the performer ?

A

A mental picture to create movement patterns more easily

76
Q

How can demonstrations be made more effective ?

A

If the demonstrator is a competent performer

77
Q

In observational learning what is the element of Attention ?

A

Ensure the performer takes notice by making the demonstration clear and accurate

Coach needs to highlight key areas of the skill for a learner to focus on

78
Q

In observational learning what is the element of Retention ?

A

The creation of a mental picture which can be stored in the memory and recalled when needed

79
Q

In observational learning what is the element of Motor Reproduction ?

A

Ensure the learner has the physical ability to copy the skill

Attempt to complete the skill either immediately or after a series of progressive part practice situations

80
Q

In observational learning what is the element of Motivation ?

A

The learner must have the drive and desire to copy the actions of the model

Rewards and praise

Positive feedback

Positive reinforcement

Make sure they get success

81
Q

What does cognitive theory start with ?

A

Performers are given a problem to solve, rather than being told the solution to the problem

82
Q

In cognitive theory how does the performer solve the problem ?

A

Use trial and error

83
Q

In cognitive theory what happens when the problem is solved ?

A

Understands to solve the problem and why they must perform in a specific way

84
Q

In cognitive theory how is the solution to the problem used in new situations ?

A

Apply and adapt their movements

85
Q

What is constructivism ?

A

People construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on these experiences

86
Q

What are the features of constructivism ?

A

Learners focused/ take responsibility for own learning

Learner constructs/ builds learning in different stages

Learn by interacting with others, experiencing situations and reflecting on those experiences

Learner asks questions

87
Q

What is inter-psychological learning ?

A

Learning using others (externally) or a ‘more knowledgeable other’ (MKO) to develop knowledge/ skill

88
Q

What is intra-psychological learning ?

A

Learning that takes place within that individual

They construct actions based on what they have already learnt

89
Q

What is the ‘Zone of proximal development’ ?

A

Performer asks questions to find out what they need to do next to learn the skill

  1. What can I do ?
  2. What can I do with help ?
  3. What can’t I do / how can I learn to do it ?
90
Q

What is verbal guidance ?

A

Using words to explain the key points of the skill

91
Q

What stage of learning is verbal guidance most effective in ?

A

Cognitive - learn sequences

Autonomous - refine performance + discuss tactics

92
Q

How can you optimes verbal guidance ?

A

Information is clear and audible

Focus on a few key points

93
Q

What are some advantages of verbal guidance ?

A

Feedback can be immediate

Can focus on specific points in a demo

94
Q

What are some disadvantages of verbal guidance ?

A

Some movements are hard to describe

Difficult with large groups

May become boring

95
Q

What is visual guidance ?

A

The creation of a mental picture of the skill through demonstrations or videos

96
Q

What stage of learning is visual guidance most effective in ?

A

Useful at every stage of learning

97
Q

How can you optimes visual guidance ?

A

Must be clear and accurate

Have the learners attention

98
Q

What are some advantages of visual guidance ?

A

Highlights weaknesses

Clear picture pf the skill

99
Q

What are some disadvantages of visual guidance ?

A

Demotivating if the performer can’t copy the skill

Too much information at once - cause a cognitive overload

100
Q

What is manual guidance ?

A

Coach physically holds or moves the performer

101
Q

What stage of learning is manual guidance most effective in ?

A

Used at every stage

Cognitive - helps to develop kinaesthesis

102
Q

How can you optimes manual guidance ?

A

Avoid doing it too often

Ensure movement pattern is correct

103
Q

What are some advantages of manual guidance ?

A

Reduces fear = increase in confidence

Can reduce risks with dangerous skills

104
Q

What are some disadvantages of manual guidance ?

A

Difficult in large groups

Performer may become reliant

Limited use with complex skills - many subroutines

105
Q

What is mechanical guidance ?

A

Use of apparatus or equipment to shape and support the skill

106
Q

What stage of learning is mechanical guidance most effective in ?

A

Cognitive and Associative - good for safety and the feel of the skill

Autonomous - limited value

107
Q

How can you optimes mechanical guidance ?

A

Ensure movement pattern is correct

Combine with verbal

108
Q

What are some advantages of mechanical guidance ?

A

Can be used with the disabled or recovering from injury

Develops kinesthetic awareness

109
Q

What are some disadvantages of mechanical guidance ?

A

Can become over reliant

Does not learn from their own mistakes - struggle to correct them independently

110
Q

In the general information processing model, what is the input ?

A

Performer picks up the important input cues from the display via the receptor system

111
Q

In the general information processing model, what is the receptor system ?

A

External: Sight, Auditory

Internal: Tactile, Equilibrium, Kinaesthesis

112
Q

In the general information processing model, what is selective attention ?

A

Filtering out irrelevant information gathered from the display and focusing on the relevant stimuli

113
Q

In the general information processing model, what are the benefits of selective attention ?

A

Decreased reaction time

Increased number of correct decisions

Increased functioning of the working memory

114
Q

In the general information processing model, how can you develop selective attention ?

A

Train with distractions

Optimum arousal level

Increase the intensity of stimuli in training

115
Q

In the general information processing model, what is decision making ?

A

The performer must decide what to do with the stimulus identifies

Compare current scenarios to the long term memory

116
Q

In the general information processing model, what is the output ?

A

The performer must instruct their muscles to move accordingly

117
Q

In the general information processing model, what is the DCR process ?

A

Detection -> Comparison -> Recognition

118
Q

In the general information processing model, what is feedback ?

A

Information received via intrinsic or extrinsic sources is used to repeat the process or adjust depending on the success rate

119
Q

In Whiting’s model of information processing, what is the perceptual mechanism ?

A

Data from the display is collected and stored

Filters out irrelevant information from the display via selective attention (is the D from the DCR model)

120
Q

In Whiting’s model of information processing, what is the translatory mechanism ?

A

The performer must now decide what to do

The information gathered during the perceptual mechanism is compared to what is held in the long term memory and a decision is made about what to do next (is the D from the DCR model)

121
Q

In Whiting’s model of information processing, what is the effector mechanism ?

A

Once a decision has been made, the muscles need to carry out the chosen motor programme

Transfer the decision that has been made by the brain to the muscles via the nerves (coded impulses)

122
Q

In Whiting’s model of information processing, what is the muscular system and output ?

A

The muscles perform the chosen movement (motor programme)

123
Q

In Whiting’s model of information processing, what is feedback ?

A

Intrinsic - about how the movement felt (kinaesthesis, tactile, equilibrium)

Extrinsic - did the pass reach the intended target

124
Q

In the working memory, what is the central executive ?

A

Information from the display is divided up and sent to one of the ‘sub-systems’ irrelevant info is ignored and filtered out

125
Q

In the working memory, what happens in the phonological loop ?

A

Deals with auditory and written info - made of 2 parts :

‘Phonological score’ - holds info in speech form for 1-2 seconds - the inner ear

‘Articulatory system’ - speech production - the inner voice

126
Q

In the working memory, what happens in the visuo-spatial sketchpad ?

A

Temporary store of visual and spatial information, used for navigation

‘Visual Cache’ - information about form and colour

‘Inner scribe’ - information about space and movement

127
Q

In the working memory, what happens in the episodic buffer ?

A

Allows visual and auditory information to be chunked to create a full picture

The complete picture (memory trace) is sent to the long term memory

The memory trace is compared with stored memories in the LTM (to enable a decision to be made about what to do)

128
Q

In storing information in the Long Term Memory, what is chunking ?

A

Different pieces of information can be grouped together and remembered as the piece of information

129
Q

In storing information in the Long Term Memory, what is chaining ?

A

Linking together pieces of information

130
Q

In storing information in the Long Term Memory, what is association ?

A

Trying to link new information to that which is already known

131
Q

In storing information in the Long Term Memory, what is repetition ?

A

Rehearse and practice the skill as much as possible

‘overlearn’ the skill

132
Q

In storing information in the Long Term Memory, what is rewards ?

A

Extrinsic or intrinsic

Make a performer want to remember

133
Q

In storing information in the Long Term Memory, what is mental rehearsal ?

A

Information is best remembered by having a mental image

134
Q

In storing information in the Long Term Memory, what is focus ?

A

Ignoring distractions through selective attention

135
Q

In storing information in the Long Term Memory, what is uniqueness ?

A

If a coach presents information in an unusual way you are more likely to remember it

136
Q

In storing information in the Long Term Memory, what enjoyment ?

A

If you enjoy learning something you are more likely to remember it

137
Q

What is response time ?

A

The time from the onset of the stimulus to the completion of a movement

138
Q

What is reaction time ?

A

Time taken from the onset of the stimulus to the completion of a movement

139
Q

What is movement time ?

A

The time between the start of the movement its completion

140
Q

What is choice reaction time ?

A

Involves numerous stimuli, each with a different response

141
Q

What is simple reaction time ?

A

Involves the stimulus and one possible response

142
Q

What is Hick’s Law ?

A

As the number of choices increases, so does the reaction time

143
Q

What is the Psychological Refractory Period ?

A

The time period where the response to a second stimulus is significantly solved because the first stimuli is still being processed

The first stimuli must be cleared before the second stimuli is processed

144
Q

What is anticipation ?

A

‘Pre-judging a stimulus’

Trying to work out what is going to happen before it happens

145
Q

What is temporal anticipation ?

A

When is it going to happen ?

146
Q

What is spatial anticipation ?

A

What is going to happen / where ?

147
Q

How can a performer improve their response time ?

A

Mental rehearsal

Selective attention

Improve fitness

Anticipation

Training

Optimum arousal level

Increase intensity of a signal

Give a warning signal

148
Q

What are schemas ?

A

Basic stored motor programmes that can be recalled and adapted to suit the situation a performer is in

149
Q

What is recall schema, and what does it consist of ?

A

Before the movement

Knowledge of initial conditions and Knowledge of response specifications

150
Q

What is knowledge of initial conditions ?

A

Information about the location of the performer, their environment and limb position

151
Q

What is knowledge of response specifications ?

A

Information about the tasks to be completed

152
Q

What is recognition schema and what does it consist of ?

A

Control the movement, during and after it

Sensory consequences and response outcomes

153
Q

What is sensory consequences ?

A

The feeling experienced during and after the movement : information given by the sensory system

154
Q

What is response outcomes ?

A

What happened ?

How does this compare with what we wanted to happen

155
Q

How can a coach help an athlete develop schema ?

A

Insight learning

Mental rehearsal

Variable practice

Praise = motivation

Lots of accurate feedback

Develop the basics first

AQA A Level PE (6 decks)

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