Spore-forming Gram Positive Bacilli Flashcards
Other name for inhalation anthrax
Woolsorter’s disease
What is the causative agent of anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
What is the virulence factor of bacillus anthracis?
glutamic acid
anthrax toxin
Other name of bacillus anthracis?
Anthrax bacillus
It is common disease of livestock
Anthrax
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What are the four forms of anthrax seen in human?
cutaneous anthrax
injectional anthrax
gastrointestinal anthrax
inhalation anthrax
Occurs when wounds are contaminated with spores acquired through skin cuts, abrasions, or insect bites
Cutaneous anthrax
It starts as a small pimple or papule at the site of inoculation 2-3 days after exposure
Cutaneous anthrax
Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia, and vomiting
Gastrointestinal anthrax
The lesion of cutaneous anthrax is also known as
Malignant pustule
An erythematous ring develops, and a small dark area appears in the center of the ring and eventually ulcerates and dries
Eschar or black eschar
First recognized in scotland during an outbreak in 2009-2010 (heroin use)
Injectional anthrax
The fatality rate is higher than cutaneous anthrax
Gastrointestinal anthrax
The mild form of the disease last 2-3 days, which is followed by a sudden severe phase characterized by respiratory problems followed by disorientation, coma, and death
Inhalation anthrax
Ingestion of spores
Gastrointestinal anthrax
2-5 days after exposure, patient may manifest with mild fever, fatigue, and malaise (resembles flu)
Inhalation anthrax
A new form characterized by a soft tissue infection associated with injection of drugs of abuse
Injectional anthrax
This form can be associated with necrotizing fasciitis, organ failure, shock, coma, and meningitis
Injectional anthrax
What is the complication of anthrax?
Meningitis
What are the specimen used for bacillus anthracis?
- sputum
- blood
- lesion from cutaneous anthrax
Large, square-ended, gram positive bacilli in chains or singly
Bacillus anthracis
B. antracis shen in chains, give the appearance of
Bamboo rods or poles
Using a spore stain, what is the color of vegetative cells and what is the color of spores?
Vegetative cells stain red and spores stain green
What is the appearance of b. anthracis microscopically?
String of pearls
Culture media of choice for stool specimen
Phenylethyl Alcohol agar
On blood agar, what is the colony morphology of b. anthracis?
gray and flat with an irregular margin
Medusa head colonies
Colonies have tenacious consistency, holding tightly to the agar surface and when the edges are lifted with a loop, they stand upright without support
B. anthracis
What is the appearance of b. anthracis in gelatin medium?
Inverted fir tree
What is thd stain used on blood or CSF?
India ink stain
What is other name for bacillus cereus
Fried rice bacillus
What are the two forms of food poisoning?
Diarrheal and emetic
What are the examples of eye infections?
Endophthalmitis, keratitis with abscess
Non-gastrointestinal infections occur more frequently in IV drug users, neonates, immunosuppressed and post surgical patients
Bacillus cereus
Caused by a heat labile enterotoxin
Diarrheal form
From ingestion of meat or poultry, vegetables, and pasta
Characterized by abdominal pain and diarrhea and about 25% of individuals have vomiting
Diarrheal form
Caused by a heat stable enterotoxin
Emetic form
Predominant symptomatic is nausea and vomiting 1-5 hours after ingestion of contaminated food
Emetic form
What is the specimen for b. cereus?
Suspected food
What is the colony appearance of b. cereus?
Frosted glass appearance
What is the motility of b. anthracis?
Non-motile
What is the motility of b. cereus?
Motile
What is the other name for bacillus subtilis?
Hay bacillus
Mostly commonly encountered laboratory contaminant
Bacillus subtilis
What is the pigmentation b. subtilis can exhibit?
Pink, yellow, orange, or brown
What is the colony morphology of b. subtilis?
Large, flat, dull, with a GROUND GLASS appearance
What is example of spore-forming anaerobic bacilli?
Clostridium spp
What are examples of spore-forming aerobic organisms?
- bacillus anthracis
- bacillus subtilis
- bacillus cereus
Clostridium is motile except
- clostridium perfringens
- clostridium ramosum
- clostridium innocuum
Clostridium is non-encapsulated except
Clostridium perfringens
What are the three location of spores?
- terminal spore
- central spore
- subterminal spore
What is the mode of transmission for clostridium?
- ingestion
- open wounds
What are the diseases of clostridium?
- tetanus
- gas gangrene
- botulism
- food poisoning
What is other name for clostridium perfringens?
Gas gangrene
Most commonly isolated clostridium in blood cultures
- clostridium perfringens
What are the virulence factor of C. perfringens?
- alpha toxin
- enterotoxin
What is the location of c. perfringens?
- subterminal spores
What is the colony morphology of c. perfringens in BAP?
Dome-shaped, grayish white to double zones of hemolysis
What is the outer zone of c. perfringens ?
Beta-hemolysis
What is the inner zone of C. perfringens?
Alpha-hemolysis
What are the two types of food poisoning of gas gangrene?
Type A and Type C
Can caused food poisoning and gas gangrene (myonecrosis)
- clostridium perfringens
More serious type of food poisoning
Type C
Mild and self limiting GI illness type of food poisoning
Type A
Most common cause, releasing potent exotoxin
C. perfringens
May cause disease when either the bacteria, their spores, or their toxins enter the body through ingestion
Clostridia
What is other name for clostridium botulinum?
Canned food bacillus
What is the spore location for clostridium botulinum?
Subterminal spore
What is the virulence factor of clostridium botulinum?
Botulism toxin
Extremely potent neurotoxin, even a small amount is capable of causing paralysis and death
Botulinum toxin
Flaccid paralysis is caused by
botulinum toxin
Double zone of hemolysis on BAP
Gas gangrene bacillus
Contaminated honey is often implicated in this disorder
Infant botulism
Contamination of wounds with the spores of c. botulinum, which germinates the vegetative cells multiple and produce toxin
Wound botulism
The spores germinates and the vegetative cells colonize the colon and produce toxin
Infant botulism
What is other name for clostridium tetani?
Tack head bacillus
What is the virulence factor of c. tetani?
Tetanospasmin
Spores are found in the soil, dust, and feces of farm animals
Clostridium tetani
Cells of c. tetani looks like
Drumstick or tennis racket appearance
Trismus is caused by which toxin?
Tetanospasmin
Lockjaw
Trismus
Distorted grin
Risus sardonicus
What is the vaccine for tetanus?
Diptheria-tetanus- acellular pertussis
Toxin by C. difficile that causes necrosis of the intestinal lumen
Toxin A and Toxin B
Common cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis
Clostridium difficile
C. difficile has ______ odor on BAP
Horse stable
What is the medium used for C. difficile?
CCFA - Cycloserine-cefoxiyin-fructose agar
Exhibit a yellow color and ground glass
Clostridium difficile