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Lab for invertebrates > Sponges and Cnidarians > Flashcards

Sponges and Cnidarians Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum Porifera have body organization that is based on a system of

A

Water canal and chambers

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2
Q

General characteristics of Porifera

  • movement
  • organs
  • body wall
A
  • adults are sessile and predominantly marine
  • NO ORGANS, have pores on body instead for water currents to pass
  • body wall contains a skeleton consisting of spicules and or spongin
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3
Q

Differences of water circulation for each level of sponge construction

A
  1. Asconoid: Thin choanocyte layer with large spongocoel, singular osculum
  2. Synconoid: thicker and smaller spongocoel, body wall folding with invaginations (incurrent canals) and evaginations (radial canals), choanocytes in chambers not atrium, singular osculum
  3. Leuconoid: Thickest choanocyte layer and no spongocoel, flagellated chambers, openings are prosopyles, many oscula
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4
Q

Why are asconoid sponges smaller in height

A

-thin tissues is more breakable and can’t not support larger structures

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5
Q

What are the advantages that the leuconoid sponges have over the syconoid sponges

A

Body plan provided more circulation to deliver more oxygen and nutrients per area. Body plan allows larger size

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6
Q

Why are the choanocytes essential to the life of the sponge

A

Use to capture food, sleek and generate current of seawater through and within organism

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7
Q

What is the function of the skeleton in a sponge

A

Maintains shape, scares predators and taxonomic tool to identify

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8
Q

What is spongin

A

Modified collagen protein that is horny or fibrous and found in skeleton of many sponges

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9
Q

Composition of spicules

A

Calcareous or siliceous (sclerocytes secrete spicules)

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10
Q

Class-Calcarea characteristics

  • size
  • sponge types
A
  • small usually less than 10cm
  • lack spongin but have spicules of calcium carbonate
  • include sponges of asconoid, syconoid and leuconoid design
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11
Q

Leucosolenia sp.

  • habitat
  • sponge type
  • where are choanocytes located
A
  • Attached to seashore rocks
  • asconoid
  • in spongeocoel
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12
Q

Sycon sp.

  • type of sponge
  • what are two types of chambers
  • where are choanocytes
  • larvae type in body walls???
A
  • syconoid
  • incurrent and radial canals
  • choanocytes in chambers, not atrium
  • small, dark dots in chambers called amphiblastula
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13
Q

Class-Demospongiae contains what percent of all sponges?

A

90%

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14
Q

Characteristics of class-Demospongiae

  • skeleton
  • sponge type
A
  • Skeleton composed of spongin and or silica spicules

- all are leuconoid

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15
Q

Spongia sp. (commercial bath sponge)

  • composition of skeleton
  • where are choanocytes
  • type of sponge
A
  • spongin
  • entirely in chambers
  • leuconoid
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16
Q

Spongilla sp.

  • type of sponge
  • gemmules?
A
  • leuconoid, demospongiae

- avoid harsh environmental conditions and a means of sexual reproduction

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17
Q

Cliona sp.

  • type of sponge
  • what is it the “boring” sponge
A
  • leuconoid

- ability to burrow into calcareous structures like clam shells

18
Q

Class-Hexactinellida characteristics

  • known as
  • skeleton composition
  • sponge type
A
  • glass sponges
  • siliceous spicules
  • cylindrical or funnel shaped and are syconoid or leuconoid
19
Q

Phylum Cnidarians include which species

A
  • corals
  • sea anemones
  • jellyfish
20
Q

General characteristics of Cnidaria

  • symmetry
  • body
  • body wall
  • body forms
A
  • radial symmetry
  • no head or segmentation
  • mouth surrounded by tentacles and connects to a gastrovascular cavity
  • two layer body wall: epidermis and gastrodermjs with mesoglea in between
  • have Cnidae of which nematocysts are most common
  • polyp and Medusa forms (polymorphism)
21
Q

Subphylum-Medusozoa

2 classes of Meduosoza

A

All cnidarians except sea anemones and corals

Scyphozoa-true jellyfish
Hydrozoa

22
Q

Characteristics of class Scyphozoa

A
  • Medusa is dominate body form

- mesoglea is very thick and gelatinous and contains Amoeboid cells

23
Q

Aurelia sp.

  • what is manubrium
  • purpose of gastric pouches
A
  • meduosozoa, schphozoa
  • opening of the mouth
  • radial divisions of the stomach that help increase surface area
24
Q

Where are rhopalia on Aurelia sp. and what is the function

A

-around swimming bell, contain sensory organs for balance (statocysts) and light (ocelli)

25
Q

Aurelia sp. life cycle

  • does planula larva result from asexual or sexual reproduction
  • which body form does the scyphistoma exhibit
  • how does strobilation occur
  • purpose of free-swimming ephyra stage
  • advantage of large numbers of ephyra
A
  • sexual reproduction
  • polyp
  • asexual reproduction by transverse division of the body into segments (ephyra) which develop into separate individuals
  • ephyra develop into adults but can also have adults differentiated into ephyra in unfavourable conditions
  • large number of adults can be made and larger chance of survival
26
Q

Cassiopea sp.

  • type
  • central mouth?
  • why green colour?
A
  • scyphozoan
  • no central mouth but has many small oral openings leading into a complex canal system
  • endosymbiotic relationship with unicellular green algae (zooxanthellae) living inside the jellyfish
27
Q

Class-Hydrozoa characteristics

  • body form
  • mesoglea
A
  • both polyp and Medusa forms present

- mesoglea lacks cells

28
Q

Hydra sp.

  • type
  • solitary or colonial
  • symmetry type
  • in which layer are nematocysts
A
  • hydrozoan
  • solitary
  • radial symmetry
  • in epidermis
29
Q

Hydra sp.

  • are the bodies of Hydra capable of contraction?
  • do the movements of the body and tentacles appear coordinated
  • does it have a Medusa stage
A
  • yes, can contract into a blob if disturbed
  • coordinated
  • NO MEDUSA STAGE
30
Q

Gonionemus sp.

  • type
  • does Medusa have a velum, what does it do if it does
A
  • hydrozoan
  • yes, presence of velum causes water to be ejected from under the swimming bell through a narrower opening and thus greater velocity when the musculature contracts
31
Q

Do scyphozoans have velum?

A

No

32
Q

Obelia sp.

  • type
  • thecate or athecate colony?
  • do memebes of colony have same function
  • is the gastrovascular cavity continuous throughout colony
  • what are the advantages that Obelia has over hydra
A
  • hydrozoan
  • thecate (have hydro theca around gastrozooid)
  • Gastrozoids=feeding, Gonozoids=contain developing Medusa
  • yes the light colony uninterrupted
  • 2 polyp stages (gastrozoid and gonozoid) which is more specialized than hydra. Has Medusa and polyp and divisor of labour
33
Q

Physalia sp.

  • type
  • commonly known as
  • colony?
A

Hydrozoan
Portuguese man-of-war

Free floating colony consists of nightly specialized polyploid and medusoid members

34
Q

Subphylum Anthozoa characteristics

  • body form
  • mesoglea
A
  • polyp only

- mesoglea contains Amoeboid cells and is considered to be a true connective tissue

35
Q

Anthozoa’s comprise the ______ set of cnidarian classes and are exclusively _____

Examples

A

Largest

Marine

Sea anemones and corals

36
Q

Metridium sp.

  • type
  • why are mesenteries important
  • function of acontia
A

Anthozoa (sea anemone)

  • increase surface are in gastrovascular cavity for absorption of nutrients and gas exchange
  • located in gastrovascular cavity, are thread-like tissues containing numerous stinging cells which serve as a defence
37
Q

Metridium sp.

  • which layers of the body wall form mesenteries
  • what is the difference between complete and incomplete mesenteries?
  • what are advantages that Metridium has over Hydra
A
  • gastrovascular cavity (unfolding of gastroderm and mesoglea)
  • primary/complete mesenteries extend from the body wall into the gastrovascular cavity to attach to the pharynx while incomplete mesenteries extend only part way into gastrovascular cavity. Free edge of incomplete mesenteries has nematocyst cells to secrete digestive enzymes and phagocytize bacteria
  • more surface area for nutrient, acontia
38
Q

Features of poriferans

A
  • body is rigid, perforated bag, with flagella lining interior
  • body divided into:
    1. Spongocoel (internal space)
    2. Choanocyte (used to capture food and sleek and generate current)
    3. Mesohyl (gelatinous, non living layer containing live and mobile Amoeboid cells called archaeocytes)
    4. Epidermis (pinacocyte and nucleus)
39
Q

4 types of poriferans based on chemical composition of support elements

A
  • calcarea
  • desmospongiae
  • Hexactinellida
  • Homoscleromorpha
40
Q

Where are gemmules found in sponges

A

Round structures scattered within the body of the sponge

41
Q

Medusa body form

A

(Jellyfish)

  • have umbrella shaped inverted mouth (facing downward)
  • often thick jelly-like layer in body wall as in jellyfish
  • motile by contractions of “bell”
  • free-floating, pelagic planktonic
42
Q

Polyp body form

A

-tubular body, usually sessile/ attached, mouth surrounded by tentacles

Lab for invertebrates (8 decks)

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