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Lab for invertebrates > Protozoans > Flashcards

Protozoans Flashcards

1
Q

Protozoans are a large, highly diverse, group of _________ organisms

A

Unicellular

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2
Q

Basic characteristics of protozoans

  • body
  • reproduction
  • habitat
  • organelles
A
  • unicellular organisms that occur as solitary, or colonial
  • specialization of organelles has led to complexity in locomotion, nutritional modes, osmoregulation and behaviour
  • asexual reproduction by fission and sexual reproduction
  • found in moist environments, like soil, freshwater and marine habitats. Many commensal, mutualistic or parasitic
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3
Q

4 groups of protozoans

A

Ciliated (ciliophora)
Apicomplexans (Sporozoans)
Amoeboid (Sarcodina)
Flagellated (Mastigophora)

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4
Q

Ciliated protozoan characteristics

  • locomotion
  • nuclei
  • reproduction
  • lifestyle/ habitat
A
  • cilia for locomotion and/or feeding
  • two nuclei: macro and micro
  • asexual reproduction by transverse fission and or budding
  • sexual reproduction by conjugation
  • free-living species in freshwater, marine and moist soil or parasites
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5
Q

In what direction do Paramecium move?

A
  • move against current

- cilia move in opposite direction backing it up a bit before moving forward

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6
Q

Do paramecium have distinct anterior and posterior ends?

A
  • yes, anterior is smaller and rounded

- posterior is cone shaped and larger

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7
Q

Oral groove in paramecium

A

-depression on one side of the body. Extends from anterior end to middle. Serves to guide food particles into the gut (pharynx)

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8
Q

Types of vacuoles in paramecium

A
  • contractile: osmoregulation

- food vacuole: storage of food/ waste elimination

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9
Q

Does paramecium have 2 nuclei?

Shape of nuclei?

A

Yes

Macro is kidney shaped and larger than micro nuclei

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10
Q

Paramecium pellicle

A

-Rigid**, thin and and flexible firm membrane. Are elastic in nature and support cell membrane to help keep shape.

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11
Q

Ciliature pattern of paramecium

A

Arranged in tufts called ciri. Move against current with a power stroke propelling then and a recovery stroke moving with current that doesn’t move then backward too much.

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12
Q

Function of paramecium Trichocyst

A

Defence

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13
Q

Why is binary fission considered to be asexual reproduction?

A
  • only one cell involved

- no exchange of genetic material

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14
Q

What is the plane of division during binary fission in paramecium?

A

Transverse

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15
Q

What happens to the macro nucleus and the micro nucleus during binary fission

A

Macronucleus divides transversely amitotically (unevenly) by elongated and constricted in the middle

Micronucleus divides by mitosis into 2 daughter micronuclei which move to opposite ends of the cell

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16
Q

Why is conjugation sexual reproduction?

A

-two different organisms and exchange of genetic material

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17
Q

Which nucleus is involved in conjugation?

A

Micronucleus

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18
Q

Shape of Vorticella sp. Macronucleus and general body

A

Horse-shoe shape

Funnel shaped with a stalk or in defence can construct and become more rounded

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19
Q

Where are cilia in Vorticella?

A

Located at the mouth. Used for filter feeding and use cilia to grab food.

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20
Q

Which specific structures in the stalk of Vorticella sp. allows for “popping” movement in Vorticella

A

Contractile myonemes/ fibers

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21
Q

Shape of stentor and Macronucleus

Size of stentor

A

Snake like body and funnel shaped head (trumpet)

Macronucleus is many small, round pieces all in a line (macronuclear nodes)

0.5 mm

22
Q

Does stentor have anterior and posterior ends?

A

-anterior is funnel and posterior is the stalk

23
Q

Is the ciliate capable of changing its general shape through contention and extension in Stentor sp.?

A

Yes, can contract it’s head to hide mouth or extend body (stalk) to reach food

24
Q

Apicomplexans characteristics

  • organelle arrangement
  • life cycle
A
  • have specialized arrangement of organelles called the apical complex at some point during life cycle
  • life cycle include sexual stage plus one or more stages of asexual reproduction.
  • all are parasitic
25
Q

How does a humans host become infected with plasmodium

A

Mosquito transfer sporozoites

26
Q

Where does asexual reproduction occur in the human host in Plasmodium sp.?

A

Liver/ blood cells

27
Q

Which lifecycle stage is infective to the mosquito host in Plasmodium?

A

Haploid sporozoite

28
Q

Where does Plasmodium fertilization occur?

A

In mosquitos gut

29
Q

Amoeboid protozoan locomotion

A

-use Pseudopodia for locomotion and/ or food capture

30
Q

Amoeba Proteus

  • general shape and size
  • type of Pseudopodia
  • does it have a test or is it naked?
  • reproduction?
A
  • rounded, shapeless
  • lobopodia
  • naked amoeba (Gymnamoeba)
  • asexual binary fission or multiple fission in harsh environments
31
Q

How to differentiate food vacuoles and contractile vacuoles in amoebas…

A
  • Contractile vacuoles are larger and transparent

- food vacuoles smaller and in greater number and have particles in them

32
Q

Why do amoebas have contractile vacuoles?

A
  • maintains water balance (osmoregulation)

- protects cells from absorbing too much water, otherwise amoeba would burst

33
Q

Chaos (Pelomyxa) carolinesis differences and similarities to Amobea proteus

A

-larger
More branched out Pseudopodia
-may have 2 nuclei or thousands (multi-nucleated)

  • lobopodia
  • cytoplasmic streaming
  • no specific shape
34
Q

Entamoeba histolytica, a parasitic amoeba that causes _______ in humans. This amoeba is capable of forming a life cycle stage known as a _____

A

Amoebic dysentery

Cyst: inactive, nonmotile, infected stage
-cysts are infested and stomach/ duodenum cyst walls are digested away allowing trophozoites to be released.

-protects from acidic environment

35
Q

Arcella sp.

  • shape and size
  • test and Pseudopodia
  • nuclei
A
  • round, umbrella shaped, microscopic
  • test surrounds cell, Pseudopodia at test opening on underside. Test made of calcium carbonate
  • 2 nuclei, one on each side
36
Q

Globigerina so. Is a ____

A

Planktonic foraminiferan

37
Q

Globigerina sp.

  • test material
  • Pseudopodia type
  • how do these Pseudopodia differ from lobopodia
A
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Reticulopodia
  • Thinner, protrude through pores in test, branched extensively to form sense networks
38
Q

Radiolarians

  • composition of test
  • type of Pseudopodia
  • how do these Pseudopodia differ from lobopodia
A
  • silica
  • axopodia
  • microtubules supports, thin/spiky and many!!!
39
Q

Actinosphaerium sp. (a heliozoan)

  • can you differentiate endoplasm and ectoplasm
  • type of Pseudopodia do heliozoans possess
A
  • yes, ectoplasm surrounds endoplasm

- axopodia

40
Q

Flagellated protozoa characteristics (mastigophorans)

  • locomotion
  • feeding style
A
  • one or more flagella for locomotion

- includes autotrophic phytoflagellates, and heterotrophic species

41
Q

Euglena sp.

  • shape
  • flagella
  • stigma (eyespot)
  • pellicle?
A
  • long, blunt/ round head with flagella
  • two flagella (one hidden in reservoir)
  • red dot at anterior end to detect light
  • yes, beneath outer membrane
42
Q

Movement of Euglena sp.

A
  • quick, fish like movement
  • flagella not visible
  • very little shape change when moving
43
Q

Does Euglena belong to phytoflagellates or Zooflagellates?

A

Phytoflagellates

Has chloroplast

44
Q

Volvox sp.

  • shape
  • how do colonies form
  • why are these colonies included in protozoa
A
  • round sphere
  • reproduce asexually through formation of auto colonies. Special cells divide to form daughter colonies that are smaller versions of the parents but with flagella onwards. Sexual colonies have reproductive cells called gonidia, which produce small daughter colonies that are released when mature. Sexual colonies develop ova+spermatozoa
  • they are individual cells that live together
45
Q

Volvox sp.

  • describe movement of colony
  • are flagella visible
  • are daughter colonies able to move
  • why green
A
  • revolves in circles
  • flagella not visible in some views
  • doesn’t appear so
  • choloplasts
46
Q

Trypanosoma sp. are _____ parasites

A

Blood

In vertebrates

47
Q

Trypanosoma sp.

  • what and where is kinetoplast
  • describe flagella
  • phyto or Zooflagellata
A
  • specialized region of mitochondria that harbours most complex and inhaled mitochondrial DNA. Found near basal body (kinetosome)
  • one flagellum (part free, part attached)
  • Zooflagellates
48
Q

Trichonympha sp. lives where

A

Digestive tract of termites

49
Q

Trichonympha sp.

  • shape
  • flagella
  • why are termites dependent on them?
A
  • bud shaped
  • many flagella (over 10000)
  • symbiotic relationship with termites, where they digest cellulose or termites die
50
Q

Ceratium sp. (dinoflagellate)

  • flagella
  • what type of covering
  • red tides
A
  • two flagella (one longer sulcus and one shorter and horizontal girdle)
  • encased in sturdy cellulose plates
  • red tides are toxic to fish and crustaceans and accumulate in tissues of molluscs resulting in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (human)

Lab for invertebrates (8 decks)

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