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Anatomy > Spine/Thorax/Pelvis > Flashcards

Spine/Thorax/Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

how many vertebrae are included in the vertebral column?

A

33 (can vary, 32-34)

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal

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2
Q

what are the bony landmarks of the vertebral column?

A
  • body
  • vertebral arch (2 laminae, 2 pedicles)
  • foramen
  • spinous process (1)
  • transverse processes (2)
  • articular processes (4)
  • fibrocartilaginous intervertbral discs
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3
Q

the cervical anterior and lumbar anterior convexity are both? (curvature)

A

(secondary) lordotic

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4
Q

the thoracic and sacral anterior concavity are both? (curvature)

A

(primary) kyphotic

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5
Q

the primary curvatures of the vertebral column in the _____ and _____ regions develop during the fetal period and are caused by differences in height b/w the anterior and posterior aspects of the vertebrae.

A

thoracic ; sacral

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6
Q

the secondary curvature are mainly a result of anterior-posterior differences in IV disc thickness. The ____ curvature is acquired when an infant begins to lift his head and the _____ curvature when an infant begins to walk.

A

cervical ; lumbar

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7
Q

what are the movements of the cervical vertebrae?

A
  • forward flexion
  • lateral flexion/side bend
  • extension
  • rotation
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8
Q

the ____ cervical vertebrae is on the atlas.

A

C1

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9
Q

the _____ cervical vertebrae is on the axis.

A

C2

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10
Q

which cervical vertebrae has no body or spinous process, articulates w/ occipital condyles via paired lateral masses, and articulates w/ axis via inferior articular facets and dens of axis.

A

C1 (atlas)

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11
Q

our cervical spine ______ the best.

A

rotates

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12
Q

which cervical vertebrae are short bifid spinous processes?

A

C3 - C5

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13
Q

which vertebrae are long and nonbifid spinous processes?

A

C6 - C7

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14
Q

the thoracic vertebrae is relatively?

A

rigid

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15
Q

what is the main movement of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

mainly allow rotation of trunk

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16
Q

______ are part of the thoracic vertebrae and have some features of cervical vertebrae.

A

T1 -T4

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17
Q

_____ are part of the thoracic vertebrae and have some features similar lumbar vertebrae.

A

T9 - T12

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18
Q

Thoracic vertebrae have long transverse processes that extend?

A

posterolaterally

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19
Q

what are the movements of the lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • forward flexion
  • lateral flexion/ side bend
  • extension
  • little rotation
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20
Q

on the lumbar vertebrae, which segment has a massive body and transverse processes, thicker anteriorly

A

L5

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21
Q

which lumbar vertebrae contributes to lumbosacral angle (usually 130 degrees - 160 degrees) and carries weight of upper body.

A

L5

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22
Q

the sacrum is composed of ____ vertebrae that fuse at about 20 years of age, inferior portion is nonweightbearing.

A

5

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23
Q

the sacrum articulates with?

A

coal bones at sacroiliac joints

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24
Q

the sacrum is wider in?

A

females than males

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25
Q

the sacrum has a sacral canal with is a continuation of?

A

vertebral canal; that contains caudal equine

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26
Q

what are the features of the sacrum?

A
  • sacral hiatus
  • median crest
  • paired medial crests
  • paired lateral crest
  • sacral cornua
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27
Q

the sacral hiatus is a termination of the?

A

sacral canal that contains film terminale

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28
Q

the median crest?

A

fused spinous processes

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29
Q

paired medial crest and paired lateral crest do what to the sacrum?

A

PMC - fused articular processes

PLC - fused tips of transverse processes.

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30
Q

what is attached to the coccyx?

A
  • gluteus maximus
  • coccyges muscles
  • anococcygeal ligament
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31
Q

the coccyx is joined to sacrum by?

A

sacrococcygeal symphysis

32
Q

the intervertebral discs act as?

A

“shock absorbers” and semifluid ball bearings to provide small movements b/w individual vertebrae

33
Q

what kind of joint are involved in the vertebral column?

A
  • zygapophyseal (of facet) joints; synovial joints b/w superior and inferior articular processes
  • costovertebral joints (synovial; b/w vertebrae and ribs T1-T12)
  • sacro-iliac (SI) joints (synovial)
34
Q

what are the ligaments of the spine?

A
  • anterior + posterior longitudinal
  • intertransverse
  • interspinous
  • supraspinous
  • ligamentum flavum
35
Q

what ligaments limit flexion?

A

interspinous and supraspinous

36
Q

which ligament limits extension but maintains stability of IV discs?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

37
Q

which ligament limits flexion and prevents IV herniation?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

38
Q

what ligament limits lateral bending?

A

intretransverse ligament

39
Q

which ligament limits flexion, preserves curvature or column and prevents injury to IV discs?

A

ligamentum flavum

40
Q

_______ fracture is when the vertebral body collapses, caused by osteoporosis, trauma, or tumor. This fracture usually occurs at C7 and T1, it is moderate to severe pain, limitation of movement, kyphosis.

A

compression fracture

41
Q

This fracture is a four part fracture of ring of C1, caused by a fall on vertex. Patients have upper neck pain but can be neurologically intact. (fall on the head fracture)

A

Jefferson fracture

42
Q

_____ fracture caused by hyperextension of head on neck. Bipedicle fracture of C2, anterior displacement of C2 and C3, and results in quadriplegia or death.

A

hangman fracture

43
Q

most common in young adults and elderly, resulting in cord compression, usually as a result of whiplash from car accidents, results in soft tissue injury, fractures, dislocations, ligamentous tears, and disc disruption

A

cervical hyperextension

44
Q

_____ is an increased thoracic curvature, commonly seen in the elderly (“dowager hump”). It is usually caused by osteoporosis, resulting in anterior vertebral erosion or a compression fracture.

A

kyphosis

45
Q

an excessive lumbar curvature is termed a ____ and is seen in association w/ weak trunk muscles, pregnancy, and obesity.

A

lordosis

46
Q

_____ is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae.

A

scoliosis

47
Q

as the line of body weight passes anterior to the SI joints, anterior displacement of L5 over S1 may occur, applying pressure to the spinal nerves of the caudal equina is known as?

A

spondylolisthesis

48
Q

what is sacralization?

A

the L5 vertebra is partially or totally fused w/ the sacrum; because the L5/S1 level is now very strong, the L4/5 level is likely to degenerate in these cases.

49
Q

the muscles of the spine are divided into?

A

extrinsic and intrinsic (deep or true) muscles

50
Q

what are the superficial extrinsic muscles of the spine?

A
  • trapezius
  • latissimus dorsi
  • levator scapulae
  • rhomboid minor + major
51
Q

what are the intermediate extrinsic muscles of the spine?

A
  • serratus posterior superior

- serratus posterior inferior

52
Q

what are the superficial intrinsic muscles of the spine?

A

splenius (capitals/cervicis)

53
Q

what are the intermediate intrinsic muscles of the spine?

A

erector spinae - sacrospinalis group

  • iliocostalis
  • longissimus
  • spinalis
54
Q

capitus refers to muscles attaching at the?

A

head

55
Q

cervicis refers to muscles attaching at the?

A

cervic

56
Q

what are the deep intrinsic muscles of the spine?

A

transversospinalis group:

  • semispinalis
  • multifidus
  • rotatores
57
Q

what are the minor deep intrinsic muscles of the spine?

A
  • interspinales
  • intertransversarii
  • levatores costarum (brevis + longus)
58
Q

where is the fascia located medially on the spine?

A

to nuchal ligament, tips of spinous processes, supraspinous ligament, and median line of sacrum

59
Q

where is the fascia located laterally on the spine?

A

to cervical and lumbar transverse processes

60
Q

the fascia is thickened as thoracolumbar fasciae toward lumbar region and extends b/w _____ and _____

A

12th rib ; iliac crest

61
Q

how many muscles does the suboccipital region have?

A

4

62
Q

what are the movements of the head muscles? (suboccipital region)

A

laterally flex, extend, and rotate

63
Q

what muscles are in the suboccipital region?

A
  • rectus capitis posterior minor and major

- obliques capitis superior and inferior

64
Q

what are the muscles of the lateral and anterior neck?

A
  • scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)
  • sternocleidomastoid [SCM] (sternal head + clavicular head)
  • prevertebrals (behind the throat but in front of the vertebrae) [longus capitus + coli]
65
Q

_____: very common, usually self-lifting complaint, often affecting the lumbar region.

A

back pain

66
Q

_____: stretching and microscopic tearing of muscle fibers or ligaments. the muscles go into spasm as a protective response, causing pain and interfering w/ function.

A

back strain (common cause of low back pain)

67
Q

_____: cervical muscle and/or ligament strain because of forceful hyperextension of the neck. may cause herniation of the IV disc and subsequent radiculopathy.

A

whiplash

68
Q

what are the important vertebral landmarks?

A
  • spine of scapula: T2

- level of the heart: T5 - T8

69
Q

second intercostal space at the midclavicular line: insertions of tube for an?

A

apical pneumothorax

70
Q

4th to 6th intercostal space at the midaxillary line: insertion of chest drains for a?

A

hemothorax

71
Q

left 5th intercostal space: apex beat of the heart and this is shifted in?

A

heart enlargement

72
Q

cervical ribs articulate w/ the C7 vertebra but do not attach to the?

A

sternum

73
Q

what are the functions of the abdominal wall muscles?

A
  • protect viscera, help maintain posture
74
Q

what muscles make up the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • rectus abdominis
  • transverse abdominis
75
Q

what are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A
  • psoas major
  • iliacus
  • quadratus lumborum
  • respiratory diaphragm
76
Q

what are the joints of the pelvis?

A

lumbosacral joints, sacroiliac joints, pubic symphysis, and sacrococcygeal joints

Anatomy (11 decks)

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