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PT414 - Applied Anatomy > Spine - Bones, Joints and Muscles > Flashcards

Spine - Bones, Joints and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebras are in each section of the spine?

A

Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum - 5

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2
Q

What is the definition of Lordosis, and what vertebral region have Lordosis curves?

A

Lordosis Curvature = Concave POSTERIORLY, Convex ANTERIORLY.

Cervical and Lumbar Regions have Lordosis curvatures

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3
Q

What is the definition of a kyphosis curve, abs what vertebral regions have a kyphosis curvature?

A

Kyphosis = Concave ANTERIORLY, Convex POSTERIORLY.

Thoracic and Sacral regions have a kyphosis curvature

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4
Q

What are the 8 bony landmarks on a single vertebrae?

A
  • Vertebral Foramen
  • Vertebral Body
  • Pedicles
  • Spinous Process
  • Transverse Process
  • Inferior and Superior facets
  • Lamina
  • Mammillary Process
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5
Q

What is the definition of intervertebral foramen?

A

It is created when two vertebrates are placed together; it allow the exit of nervous tissue

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6
Q

What are the structures of the intervertebral disc?

A
  • Anterior and Posterior longitudinal ligaments
  • End Plates (Fibrocartilage)
  • Nucleus Pulposus
  • Annulus fibrosus
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7
Q

What are the 6 ligaments associated with the spine?

A
  • Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal ligaments
  • Supraspinous ligament
  • Interspinous ligament
  • Ligamentum Flavum
  • Intertransverse ligament
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8
Q

What are the 3 intersegmental erector spinae muscles and their insertions?

A
  • Interspinales (Connect adjacent spinous processes)
  • Intertransverarii (Connect adjacent transverse processes)
  • Rotatores (Transverse process to the superior lamina)
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9
Q

What are the 3 polysegmental muscles of the spine?

What muscles are apart of erector spinae?

A
  • Longissimus Thoracis*
  • Iliocostalis Lumborum*
  • Spinalis*
  • Quadratus Lumborum
  • Multifidus
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10
Q

What are the insertions of Iliocostalis Lumborum?

A 
Origin = Body of Sacrum 
Insertions = Inferior border of Lower 6 ribs, and upto C4-8 transverse processes
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11
Q

What are the insertions of Longissimus Thoracis?

A 
Origin = Spinous and transverse processes of Lumbar spine
Insertions = 12 thoracic vertebrae inferior borders of lower 10 ribs
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12
Q

What is the insertions of spinalis muscle?

A 
Origin = Occipital bone 
Insertions = From T11 upto C2, fibres run superiorly
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13
Q

What are the insertions of Quadratus Lumborum and Multifidus?

A

Quadratus Lumborum:
Origin = Iliac crest
Insertions = Transverse processes of the lumbar spine

Multifidus:
Origin = Posterior body of Sacrum and transverse processes
Insertions = Travelling obliquely onto spinous processes, ends at C4

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14
Q

What are the 4 abdominal muscles?

A
  • Rectus Abdominus
  • External Abdominal Obliques
  • Internal Abdominal Obliques
  • Transversus Abdominis
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15
Q

What are the insertions of the Rectus Abdominis?

What are fibrous sheath called when the two Abdominis arrive in the middle?

A

Origin = Pectin Pubis and Pubic Tubercle (Anteriorly)
Insertions = 5/6/7th costal cartilages and xiphois process
Linea Alba

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16
Q

What are the insertions of the Internal, External Obliques and Transversus Abdominis?

A 
Medially:
~ Fibrous Sheath 
~ Linea Alba
Laterally:
- Lower 8 ribs
- Thoracolumbar fascia (Lower back)
- Iliac Crest
- Inguinal Ligaments 
- Superior Pubic Ramus
17
Q

What are the actions of the oblique abdominal muscles?

A
  • All obliques together = Flexion of Spine
  • All obliques on one side = Lateral Flexion
  • One external and one internal contract of either side = Rotation of Spine
18
Q

What is the purpose of Abdominal pressure?

A

Abdominal Pressure is created through contracting of Abdominal wall

  • It supports Lumbar Spine
  • Diaphragm and Pelvic floor also contribute
19
Q

What are the noticeable physical features of a common cervical vertebra compared to a thoracic or Lumbar?

A
  • Larger vertebral canal, due to the more nervous tissue and spinal cord
  • Vertebral body is slightly smaller, due only supporting the weight of the head
  • Foramen Transversarium, two holes either side of body of the vertebral body and allows an major artery to get to the head (Vertebral –> Basillar)
20
Q

What is distinct about the cervical spine’s facet joints, and what is the purpose of it?

A

As well as having facet joints, they also have luschka (uncovertebral) joints.
Purpose:
- Reinforces intervertebral disc posterolaterally
- Provides stability and guiding motion of the cervical spine

21
Q

What are the physical features of the Atlas (C1)?

A
  • It doesn’t have a body
  • It doesn’t have a spinous process (Posterior Tubercle)
  • More prominent transverse processes
  • Large concave superior articular facets
22
Q

What are the physical features of the Axis (C2)?

A
  • Has a Spinous Process
  • Odontoid Process (Dens)
  • Flat and large superior articular facets
23
Q

What is the purpose of the Odontoid Process (Dens)?

A

Provides a pivot point for C1 to create rotation

24
Q

What are the 3 ligaments involve with the Atlas and Axis?

A
  • Transverse Ligament: Holds back the Odontoid Process
  • Apical Ligament: Tip of Dens to Foramen Magnum
  • Alar Ligaments: Edge of Dens to Foramen Magnum
25
Q

What is the Foramen Magnum?

A

Hole in the base of the skull, occipital bone, where the spinal cord fits through. Can provide ligamentous attachments

26
Q

What are the movements at the different parts of the cervical spine?

A

Skull and C1: Flexion and Extension
Atlas and Axis: Rotation around the Odontoid Process
C3-C7: All movements as well as Lateral Flexion and Circumduction

27
Q

What are the insertions and movements of Sternocleidomastoid?

A

Origin = Mastoid Process of the Temporal bone
Inserts = Manubrium of the Sternum and Clavicular head
Movements:
- Unilateral contraction = Lateral Flexion and slight rotation
- Bilateral contraction = Elevation of Ribcage caused by flexion of lower Cx spine and Extension of Upper Cx spine

28
Q

What are the insertions and movements of the Scalene muscles?

A

Anterior: O = Transverse of C3-C6. I = Anterior aspect of Rib 1
Medius: O = All Cx Transverse Process. I = Lateral aspect of Rib 1
Posterior: O = Transverse Process of C4-C6. I = Lateral aspect of Rib 2
Movements: Anterior and Medius = FLEXION
Posterior = EXTENSION
All together = Elevation of Ribcage

29
Q

What are the deep neck flexors and extensors?

A
  • Longus Colli: 3 parts Superior and Inferior oblique and vertical CREATE NECK FLEXION
  • Suboccipital Muscles: Rectus Capitis Posterior Major and Minor, and Obliquus Capitis Superior and Inferior.
    CREATES EXTENSION
30
Q

What other muscles are involved with the cervical spine?

A
  • Trapezius: Upper fibres attach to the Nuchal line on the Occiput bone
  • Erector Spinae muscles such as the intersegmental muscles
31
Q

What are the insertions and movements of Splenius Capitis?

A

Origin = Occipital Bone
Insertions = Superficially over Suboccipital muscles and inserts into Spinous Processes of C7-T3
Movements
- Unilaterally = Lateral Flexion and rotation
- Bilaterally = EXTENSION

32
Q

What are the physical features of Thoracic vertebra?

A
  • Very Spinous Processes, directs inferiorly
  • Superior articular facet are anteroposteriorly and vertically orientated
  • Two demi-facets on each side, on the pedicle.
  • One Transverse costal facet
  • Vertebral body get larger the more inferior the Tx spine goes
33
Q

What are the articulations of the ribs on the thoracic spine?

A
  • Posterior head articulates with a superior and inferior demi-facets on adjacent vertebra
  • Lateral posterior side is a rib tubercle which articulates with the transverse process
34
Q

What ligaments incapsulate in the rib in the thoracic vertebra?

A
  • Costotransverse ligament: Attaches to the rib tubercle and the transverse process
  • Intra-articular ligaments: From pedicles to rib head.
35
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the sternum?

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid Process
  • Sternal Angle (Manubriosternal joint)
  • Suprasternal notch
36
Q

Where to the different sets of ribs attach anteriorly?

A
  • 1st rib top of Manubrium, inferior to Sternoclavicular joint
  • 2nd rib near to the Sternal angle
  • 3rd-7th articulate to the body of Sternum
  • Lower rib cartilages fuse together and don’t reach the sternum
37
Q

What are the movements of the ribs?

A
  • Lateral shafts of the ribs ELEVATE and DEPRESS

- The Sternum movement SUPERIORLY and ANTERIORLY

38
Q

What are ligaments involved in the Sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • Anterior Sternoclavicular ligament
  • Interclavicular ligament
  • Costoclavicular ligament; between clavicle and costal cartilage of first rib
39
Q

What is unique about the sternoclavicular joint?

A

It includes a intra-articular disc which makes more stable and permits a larger range of movement

PT414 - Applied Anatomy (9 decks)

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